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The Law Requisites Ph
๐๐ข๐ข๐ข๐ณ๐ช ๐ฃ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฑ๐ข๐ต๐ข๐ธ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ๐ค๐ต ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ต ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ด๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ข๐ฐ ๐ฏ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ข๐ด๐บ๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ด๐ข ๐ด๐ฐ๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ช๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข ๐๐ณ๐ต๐ช๐ง๐ช๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ ๐๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ญ๐ญ๐ช๐จ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ค๐ฆ (๐๐) ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐จ๐ธ๐ข๐ธ๐ข๐ด๐ต๐ฐ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ข๐ณ ๐๐น๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด?
"๐๐ฐ. ๐๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ต๐ถ๐ฏ๐ข๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ๐ค๐ต ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ต ๐ด๐ข ๐ช๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฎ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ถ๐ญ๐ฆ 71, ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ 3(๐ค) ๐ข๐ต (๐ฅ) ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ถ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ฐ๐ง ๐๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ๐ต ๐ด๐ช Mr. ๐๐ช๐ป๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฑ๐ข๐จ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฑ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ต ๐ด๐ข ๐๐ข๐ค๐ฆ๐ฃ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฃ๐ข๐ญ๐ช๐ต๐ข ๐ฏ๐ข ๐๐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐จ๐ธ๐ข๐ธ๐ข๐ด๐ต๐ฐ ๐ข๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐จ-๐ข๐ข๐บ๐ฐ๐ด ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ด๐ข๐จ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ด๐ข 2023 ๐๐ข๐ณ ๐๐น๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด. ๐๐ฏ๐จ ๐จ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ธ๐ข ๐ฏ๐ช๐บ๐ข๐ฏ๐จ ๐ช๐ต๐ฐ ๐ข๐บ ๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ข๐ฌ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ข๐ต ๐จ๐ถ๐ญ๐ฐ ๐ด๐ข ๐ฎ๐จ๐ข ๐ฃ๐ข๐ณ ๐ต๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ด ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฑ๐ข๐ฃ๐ข๐ฃ๐ข ๐ด๐ข ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐จ๐ณ๐ช๐ฅ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ฐ๐ณ๐ต๐ฆ ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ข ๐ข๐ต ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐ข๐ณ ๐๐น๐ข๐ฎ๐ด. ๐๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ญ๐ต๐ข ๐ด๐ช๐บ๐ข ๐ฏ๐จ ๐๐๐ 30,000.00.
#๐๐4734, #๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ๐ค๐ต๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ต, #๐๐ข๐ณ๐๐น๐ข๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด2023, #๐๐๐๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ค๐ฌ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ๐๐ฆ๐ธ๐ด, #๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ๐ต๐๐ฏ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ค, #๐๐ฆ๐ณ๐๐ถ๐ณ๐ช๐ข๐ฎ2026, #๐๐ถ๐ฅ๐ช๐ค๐ช๐ข๐ญ๐๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐จ๐ณ๐ช๐ต๐บ, #๐๐ถ๐ญ๐ฆ71๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ต, #๐๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ญ๐๐ต๐ฉ๐ช๐ค๐ด"
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The Law Requisites Ph
"๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ช๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ๐บ ๐ฆ๐ท๐ช๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ค๐ฆ ๐ถ๐ด๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ง๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ ๐บ๐ฐ๐ถ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐บ ๐ด๐ต๐ฐ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ฏ ๐ฃ๐บ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ฆ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฏ๐ช๐จ๐ฉ๐ต?
๐๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด ๐๐ถ๐ช๐ค๐ฐ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ฏ ๐ฃ๐ถ๐ด๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด ๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฎ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฐ๐ณ๐ค๐บ๐ค๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฏ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ฆโ๐ธ๐ฉ๐ฐ ๐ธ๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ถ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐บ ๐ด๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ข ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฎ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ต๐ฆ๐ญ๐บ ๐ฅ๐ช๐ง๐ง๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ด๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ต๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ด๐ถ๐ด๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ค๐ตโ๐ค๐ฉ๐ข๐ด๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฎ ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ฏ, ๐ด๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฎ ๐ธ๐ช๐ต๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ต ๐ข ๐ธ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต, ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฎ. ๐๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ๐ค๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ต๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐ข ๐ฅ๐ณ๐ถ๐จ ๐ต๐ฆ๐ด๐ต, ๐ธ๐ฉ๐ช๐ค๐ฉ ๐ค๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ฃ๐ข๐ค๐ฌ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ. ๐๐ฉ๐ช๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ๐ต๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ธ ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ณ๐ช๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ณ๐ถ๐จ ๐ค๐ฉ๐ข๐ณ๐จ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ค๐ข๐ถ๐ด๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ฆ ๐ข๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐บ, ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ๐ต ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ญ๐ญ ๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ง๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ฎ ๐ถ๐ด๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ฅ๐ณ๐ถ๐จ ๐ต๐ฆ๐ด๐ต. ๐๐ถ๐ต ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ๐ต ๐ช๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ณ๐ท๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฅ, ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ช๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข ๐ค๐ณ๐ถ๐ด๐ฉ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฐ๐ธ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐จ๐ฐ๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฐ๐ท๐ฆ๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ข๐ค๐ฉ: ๐ฆ๐ท๐ฆ๐ฏ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ด๐ฆ๐ด, ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ต๐ข๐ต๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ฏ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ง๐ช๐ต ๐ง๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฎ ๐ช๐ต๐ด ๐ฐ๐ธ๐ฏ ๐ญ๐ข๐ธ๐ฃ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ. ๐๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ต๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ด ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ช๐ด๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ฅ, ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ณ๐ถ๐ช๐ต ๐ช๐ด ๐ต๐ฐ๐น๐ช๐ค!
๐๐ถ๐ฃ๐ด๐ค๐ณ๐ช๐ฃ๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฆ๐ค๐ต ๐บ๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ ๐ณ๐ช๐จ๐ฉ๐ต๐ด!
๐๐ช๐ด๐ค๐ญ๐ข๐ช๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ณ: ๐๐ฅ๐ถ๐ค๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ด๐ต๐ฐ๐ณ๐บ; ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ญ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ท๐ช๐ค๐ฆ.
๐๐ข๐ด๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ๐ง๐ฆ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ค๐ฆ: ๐.๐. ๐๐ฐ. ๐-12-3049, ๐๐ถ๐ฏ๐ฆ 29, 2021."
"๐๐ฐ๐ฑ 3 ๐๐๐๐ด:
1. ๐๐ฐ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฆ๐น๐ค๐ญ๐ถ๐ด๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ณ๐บ ๐ณ๐ถ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฑ๐ฑ๐ญ๐บ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ด๐ฆ๐ด? ๐ ๐ฆ๐ด, ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐๐ถ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐๐ฐ๐ถ๐ณ๐ต ๐ณ๐ถ๐ญ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ต๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ค๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ต๐ถ๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐จ๐ถ๐ข๐ณ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐จ๐ข๐ช๐ฏ๐ด๐ต ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ญ ๐ด๐ฆ๐ข๐ณ๐ค๐ฉ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข๐ฑ๐ฑ๐ญ๐บ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ค๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ๐ด.
2. ๐๐ข๐ด ๐๐ถ๐ช๐ค๐ฐ ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ช๐ฏ๐ด๐ต๐ข๐ต๐ฆ๐ฅ? ๐๐ฐ, ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ฑ๐ฐ๐ด๐ช๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ค๐ญ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ท๐ข๐ค๐ข๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฅ๐ถ๐ฆ ๐ต๐ฐ ๐ฉ๐ช๐ด ๐ข๐ฃ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฐ๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ถ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ช๐ฏ๐ด๐ต๐ข๐ต๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต, ๐ฃ๐ถ๐ต ๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ธ๐ข๐ด ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ค๐ญ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ช๐จ๐ช๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ต๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ต ๐ฃ๐ฆ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ง๐ช๐ต๐ด.
3. ๐๐ฉ๐ข๐ต ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ข ๐ธ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต๐ญ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต ๐ญ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ญ? ๐๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ณ ๐๐ถ๐ญ๐ฆ 113, ๐๐ฆ๐ค. 5, ๐ช๐ต ๐ฎ๐ถ๐ด๐ต ๐ฃ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ฏ ๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ณ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต๐ฆ ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ญ๐ช๐ค๐ต๐ฐ, ๐ฉ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ฑ๐ถ๐ณ๐ด๐ถ๐ช๐ต, ๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ข๐ฏ ๐ฆ๐ด๐ค๐ข๐ฑ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ช๐ด๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ณ.
๐๐ฐ๐ฑ 3 ๐๐ฐ๐ค๐ต๐ณ๐ช๐ฏ๐ฆ๐ด:
1. ๐๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ด๐ต๐ช๐ต๐ถ๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ณ๐ช๐จ๐ฉ๐ต๐ด ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ต๐ฆ๐ค๐ต๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ค๐ณ๐ฐ๐ด๐ด ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ค๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ๐ด (๐ค๐ณ๐ช๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ช๐ฏ๐ช๐ด๐ต๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ช๐ท๐ฆ).
2. ๐๐ญ๐ช๐จ๐ฉ๐ต ๐ข๐ญ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ฆ ๐ฅ๐ฐ๐ฆ๐ด ๐ฏ๐ฐ๐ต ๐ค๐ณ๐ฆ๐ข๐ต๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฐ๐ฃ๐ข๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ข๐ถ๐ด๐ฆ ๐ง๐ฐ๐ณ ๐ธ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ข๐ฏ๐ต๐ญ๐ฆ๐ด๐ด ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต.
3. ๐๐ข๐ฃ๐ฐ๐ณ๐ข๐ต๐ฐ๐ณ๐บ ๐ฅ๐ณ๐ถ๐จ ๐ต๐ฆ๐ด๐ต๐ด ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฒ๐ถ๐ช๐ณ๐ฆ๐ฅ ๐ถ๐ฏ๐ฅ๐ฆ๐ณ ๐๐ 9165 ๐๐ฆ๐ค๐ต๐ช๐ฐ๐ฏ 38 ๐ข๐ณ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ฏ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ช๐ด๐ด๐ช๐ฃ๐ญ๐ฆ ๐ช๐ง ๐ต๐ฉ๐ฆ ๐ฑ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ค๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ช๐ฏ๐จ ๐ข๐ณ๐ณ๐ฆ๐ด๐ต ๐ช๐ด ๐ช๐ญ๐ญ๐ฆ๐จ๐ข๐ญ."
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The Law Requisites Ph
LANDMARK PHILIPPINE JURISPRUDENCE: BILL OF RIGHTS
People of the Philippines v. Oscar Conde y Lutoc and Allan Atis y Abet, G.R. No. 113269, promulgated on April 10, 2001.
This case explains the libertarian exclusionary rule known as the โfruit of the poisonous treeโ doctrine. A verbal confession or admission made during custodial investigation without the assistance of counsel is void. Any secondary or physical evidence derived from such an inadmissible confession is likewise strictly inadmissible.
This jurisprudence highlights the constitutional right to counsel and the protection of individuals during custodial investigation under the Philippine Bill of Rights.
For Philippine lawyers, law students, bar reviewees, and anyone studying constitutional law, criminal procedure, and evidence, this is an important case to remember.
Saktong Ingat! Atty. Osingat.
lawrequisitesph | Tribo CPA Lawyer
#PhilippineJurisprudence #BillOfRights #ConstitutionalLaw #PhilippineLaw #CriminalProcedure #CustodialInvestigation #RightToCounsel #FruitOfThePoisonousTree #ExclusionaryRule #RulesOfEvidence #EvidenceLaw #SupremeCourtPH #PhilippineSupremeCourt #BarExam #BarReview #LawStudents #LawyerPH #AttorneyPH #LegalEducation #LegalUpdates #LawRequisitesPH #TriboCPALawyer #AttyOsingat
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The Law Requisites Ph
Can government employees claim a right to privacy over communications stored on government-issued computers?
In Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Edralin C. Reyes, A.M. No. RTJ-20-2579, promulgated on October 10, 2023, the Supreme Court addressed the privacy implications of searches involving government-issued information technology resources.
The Court held that government-issued computers are public property subject to regulation and monitoring by the employer. Employees therefore have no reasonable expectation of privacy over electronic communications stored in such government-issued resources. The constitutional exclusionary rule does not apply to searches of government-issued IT resources.
Key legal takeaway:
Government property used for official functions may be subject to employer monitoring, and employees cannot automatically invoke the constitutional right to privacy over communications stored in government-issued IT equipment.
Case:
Office of the Court Administrator v. Judge Edralin C. Reyes
A.M. No. RTJ-20-2579
Formerly A.M. No. 20-06-75-RTC
Promulgated: October 10, 2023
For Philippine lawyers, law students, government employees, and Bar examinees, this case provides an important review point on the Bill of Rights, right to privacy, government property, electronic communications, workplace monitoring, and the constitutional exclusionary rule.
Educational purpose only. AI-generated content is not infallible.
lawrequisitesph | Tribo CPA Lawyer
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1 week ago | [YT] | 1
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The Law Requisites Ph
FREQUENTLY ASKED TOPICS IN THE PHILIPPINE BAR EXAMINATIONS
Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances is a recurring topic in Philippine Constitutional Law and a key concept for Bar Exam preparation. This infographic explains how legislative, executive, and judicial powers are distributed under the 1987 Philippine Constitution, and how checks and balances prevent abuse of governmental power.
The topic covers presidential veto power, Congressโ power to override a veto, the power of the purse, impeachment, judicial review, and the doctrine of separation of powers discussed in Angara v. Electoral Commission.
A useful Bar Review reminder: understand the constitutional principle, identify the powers of each branch, and know the constitutional mechanisms that limit those powers.
For educational purposes only. Not legal advice. Not infallible.
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The Law Requisites Ph
LATEST PHILIPPINE JURISPRUDENCE | SEPTEMBER 3, 2026
Ang pagpaparehistro ng trademark ay hindi nagbibigay ng protektadong karapatan kung nakuha ito sa bad faith o labag sa batas.
Sa Heirs of King Si Biak, namely, Albert King and Arthur King v. Panciteria Lido Chinese Cuisine Co., G.R. No. 279019, promulgated August 12, 2026, binigyang-diin ang epekto ng bad faith sa trademark registration. Kung alam na ng aplikante ang naunang paggamit o paglikha ng ibang entity sa nasabing marka, maaaring magkaroon ng bad faith sa pag-apply para sa registration.
Mahalaga rin ang Article 1821 ng Civil Code. Ang kaalaman o paunang abiso sa isang partner tungkol sa affairs ng partnership ay itinuturing na kaalaman din ng buong partnership.
CASE: Heirs of King Si Biak, namely, Albert King and Arthur King v. Panciteria Lido Chinese Cuisine Co.
G.R. No. 279019
Promulgated: August 12, 2026
Para sa mga abogado, law students, bar examinees, business owners, trademark applicants, at entrepreneurs na kailangang maintindihan ang Philippine trademark law at jurisprudence.
Disclaimer: Ang nilalamang ito ay para sa layuning edukasyon lamang at hindi legal advice.
Sanggunian: Heirs of King Si Biak v. Panciteria Lido Chinese Cuisine Co., G.R. No. 279019, August 12, 2026.
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The Law Requisites Ph
Can an employer legally withhold your terminal benefits because you have not returned company property?
In Milan v. NLRC, G.R. No. 202961, February 4, 2015, the Supreme Court ruled on the withholding of employee benefits after the closure of Solid Mills. The case involved separation pay, 13th month pay, leave benefits, company-owned housing, and employee accountability.
The Supreme Court discussed Article 1706 of the Civil Code and recognized that an employer may withhold wages for a debt due, including certain obligations arising from the employment relationship.
This case is relevant to Philippine labor law, terminal benefits, separation pay, employee accountability, company property, and employer-employee disputes.
Save this post for your Labor Law review and bar exam preparation.
Case: Milan v. NLRC, G.R. No. 202961, February 4, 2015.
Educational purpose only. AI-generated content is not infallible.
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The Law Requisites Ph
FREQUENTLY ASKED TOPICS IN THE PHILIPPINE BAR EXAMINATIONS
MOOT AND ACADEMIC QUESTIONS: RECOGNIZED EXCEPTIONS
When will the Supreme Court decide a constitutional petition despite the supervening occurrence of events that render the issue moot and academic?
This Bar Exam review material discusses the recognized exceptions to the mootness doctrine, including grave constitutional violations, exceptional circumstances involving paramount public interest, the need to formulate controlling principles, and issues capable of repetition yet evading review.
The topic has appeared 10 times in Philippine Bar Examinations, including 1994, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019, and 2023.
Key cases:
David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396
Belgica v. Ochoa, G.R. No. 208566
For Bar examinees, law students, and aspiring lawyers, remember the four recognized exceptions to the general rule that courts do not decide moot questions.
For educational purposes only. Not infallible.
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The Law Requisites Ph
GENERAL RULE VS EXCEPTIONS IN PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
State immunity from suit is a fundamental principle in Philippine Constitutional Law. As a general rule, the State cannot be sued without its consent. But there are recognized exceptions involving express or implied consent.
This infographic highlights:
โข State immunity from suit under Article XVI, Section 3 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
โข Express consent through statutory law
โข Implied consent through proprietary contracts, jure gestionis, or filing of a complaint
โข The rule on execution and garnishment of public funds
โข Republic v. Villasor and the protection of public funds
For Philippine Bar Exam review, law students, lawyers, and legal practitioners, understanding the general rule and its exceptions is essential for Constitutional Law questions.
For educational purposes only. Made using AI and is not infallible.
Saktong Ingat! Atty. Osingat.
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The Law Requisites Ph
Frequently Asked Topics in the Philippine Bar Examinations
Non-Delegation of Legislative Power: Completeness and Sufficient Standard Tests
A must-know topic for Philippine Bar Exam candidates. Under the non-delegation doctrine, legislative power generally cannot be delegated. Subordinate legislation may be valid when the delegation satisfies the Completeness Test and the Sufficient Standard Test.
The Supreme Court applies these tests to determine whether Congress has properly delegated rule-making authority to an administrative agency.
Key cases include Pelaez v. Auditor General and Abakada Guro Party List v. Ermita.
This topic has appeared 13 times in the Philippine Bar Examinations: 1990, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2019, 2021, and 2024.
For educational purposes only. Not infallible.
Save this for your Bar Exam review and share it with your fellow law students and bar examinees.
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