Spacetime Without Mass: Refuting Standard Model Assumptions} \author{Jungle Jargon} \date{August 2025} \maketitle
\begin{abstract} The standard cosmological model relies on unverified assumptions, such as uniform flat spacetime and constant light-travel metrics, lacking empirical basis in regions with varying gravity. We propose that spacetime is defined by matter, mass, and gravity. In interstellar and intergalactic voids, where mass is negligible, time accelerates and distances expand, enabling light from Sagittarius A* and distant galaxies to reach Earth in under 6,000–7,000 years of proper time while maintaining \( c \). This suggests overestimated distances (e.g., ~26,000 light-years to Sagittarius A*) and a universe age far below the standard 13.8 billion years. These effects explain superluminal motions (up to 20c), spiral arm dynamics, and JWST redshift anomalies. Like Earth appearing flat locally but round globally, gravitational effects dominate on cosmic scales. Earth’s position near the Milky Way’s edge supports this model, challenging the standard model’s baseless assertions. \end{abstract}
\section{Introduction} The standard cosmological model assumes a uniform flat spacetime manifold and constant light-travel metrics, grounded in assertions like the cosmological principle and Hubble constant-based estimates, without empirical validation in regions of minimal mass. These assumptions lead to overestimated distances (e.g., ~26,000 light-years to Sagittarius A*) and an inflated universe age of 13.8 billion years. We propose that spacetime exists only with matter, mass, and gravity. In interstellar and intergalactic voids, time accelerates and distances expand, allowing light from local and distant sources to reach Earth in under 6,000–7,000 years of proper time, driven by differential causation rates (physical processes per unit time). Like Earth appearing flat locally but round globally, gravitational effects are profound on cosmic scales. Earth’s position near the Milky Way’s edge amplifies these effects, explaining superluminal motions (20c), spiral arm dynamics, JWST redshift anomalies, and a younger universe, refuting the standard model’s unfounded assumptions.
\section{Theoretical Framework} \subsection{Challenging Standard Model Assumptions} The standard model’s reliance on a uniform flat spacetime, even in mass-less voids, lacks evidence. The cosmological principle, asserting homogeneity and isotropy, and Hubble constant-based distance metrics assume constant spacetime properties without testing gravitational variations. These assertions ignore the dynamic interplay of mass and spacetime, leading to erroneous distance and age estimates.
\subsection{Void Spacetime} In voids, with negligible mass, spacetime exhibits accelerated time (\( \tau_v \approx t \)) and expanded distances, with intergalactic voids showing greater effects (\( \kappa_g \gg \kappa_i \)) than interstellar voids. The line element is: \begin{equation} ds^2 = -c^2 dt^2 + dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2, \end{equation} but with extreme temporal acceleration and spatial expansion, rejecting flat spacetime assumptions.
\subsection{Galactic Spacetime} Within the Milky Way, a radial gravitational gradient applies. Near the center, the Schwarzschild metric induces time dilation: \begin{equation} ds^2 = -\left(1 - \frac{2GM}{rc^2}\right)c^2 dt^2 + \left(1 - \frac{2GM}{rc^2}\right)^{-1} dr^2 + r^2 (d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta d\phi^2). \end{equation} Outside the solar system (\( r > 1 \, \text{pc} \)), gravity decreases, approaching interstellar void conditions.
\subsection{Light Propagation Model} For light from Sagittarius A* (\( D_s \approx 26,000 \, \text{light-years} \)) and a distant galaxy (\( D_g = 10^9 \, \text{light-years} \)), Earth’s position (\( r \approx 8.2 \, \text{kpc} \), \( \frac{2GM}{rc^2} \approx 10^{-6} \)) yields \( \tau \approx t \). Proper time is: \begin{equation} \tau = \int_0^D \sqrt{g_{00}(x)} \frac{dt}{c} \, dx. \end{equation} In voids, distances scale by \( \kappa \). For Sagittarius A*, with 50% interstellar void (\( f_i = 0.5 \), \( \kappa_i = 10^2 \)): \begin{equation} \tau_s \approx \frac{f_i D_s}{\kappa_i c} = \frac{0.5 \times 26,000}{10^2} = 130 \, \text{years}. \end{equation} For a galaxy, with 80% intergalactic void (\( f_g = 0.8 \), \( \kappa_g = 2 \times 10^5 \)): \begin{equation} \tau_g \approx \frac{f_g D_g}{\kappa_g c} = \frac{0.8 \times 10^9}{2 \times 10^5} = 4,000 \, \text{years}. \end{equation} Galactic segments add minor time dilation, keeping \( \tau_{\text{total}} < 7,000 \, \text{years} \).
\section{Cosmological Implications} The standard model’s baseless assumptions inflate distances and light-travel times. JWST’s redshifted galaxies appear closer, with light arriving in <7,000 years via intergalactic voids. Interstellar voids overestimate the distance to Sagittarius A*. Superluminal motions (20c) and spiral arm dynamics reflect compounded void effects. The universe’s age, standardly 13.8 billion years, may be under 7,000 years.
\section{Conclusion} Rejecting the standard model’s unverified assertions of uniform spacetime and constant metrics, we propose that voids, lacking mass, exhibit accelerated time and expanded distances, allowing light from Sagittarius A* and distant galaxies to reach Earth in under 6,000–7,000 years. These effects explain superluminal motions, spiral arm dynamics, and JWST anomalies. The Earth analogy—flat locally, round globally—highlights scale-dependent gravity. Earth’s position supports a universe age under 7,000 years, demanding a reevaluation of cosmological models.
Jungle Jargon
Spacetime Without Mass: Refuting Standard Model Assumptions}
\author{Jungle Jargon}
\date{August 2025}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
The standard cosmological model relies on unverified assumptions, such as uniform flat spacetime and constant light-travel metrics, lacking empirical basis in regions with varying gravity. We propose that spacetime is defined by matter, mass, and gravity. In interstellar and intergalactic voids, where mass is negligible, time accelerates and distances expand, enabling light from Sagittarius A* and distant galaxies to reach Earth in under 6,000–7,000 years of proper time while maintaining \( c \). This suggests overestimated distances (e.g., ~26,000 light-years to Sagittarius A*) and a universe age far below the standard 13.8 billion years. These effects explain superluminal motions (up to 20c), spiral arm dynamics, and JWST redshift anomalies. Like Earth appearing flat locally but round globally, gravitational effects dominate on cosmic scales. Earth’s position near the Milky Way’s edge supports this model, challenging the standard model’s baseless assertions.
\end{abstract}
\section{Introduction}
The standard cosmological model assumes a uniform flat spacetime manifold and constant light-travel metrics, grounded in assertions like the cosmological principle and Hubble constant-based estimates, without empirical validation in regions of minimal mass. These assumptions lead to overestimated distances (e.g., ~26,000 light-years to Sagittarius A*) and an inflated universe age of 13.8 billion years. We propose that spacetime exists only with matter, mass, and gravity. In interstellar and intergalactic voids, time accelerates and distances expand, allowing light from local and distant sources to reach Earth in under 6,000–7,000 years of proper time, driven by differential causation rates (physical processes per unit time). Like Earth appearing flat locally but round globally, gravitational effects are profound on cosmic scales. Earth’s position near the Milky Way’s edge amplifies these effects, explaining superluminal motions (20c), spiral arm dynamics, JWST redshift anomalies, and a younger universe, refuting the standard model’s unfounded assumptions.
\section{Theoretical Framework}
\subsection{Challenging Standard Model Assumptions}
The standard model’s reliance on a uniform flat spacetime, even in mass-less voids, lacks evidence. The cosmological principle, asserting homogeneity and isotropy, and Hubble constant-based distance metrics assume constant spacetime properties without testing gravitational variations. These assertions ignore the dynamic interplay of mass and spacetime, leading to erroneous distance and age estimates.
\subsection{Void Spacetime}
In voids, with negligible mass, spacetime exhibits accelerated time (\( \tau_v \approx t \)) and expanded distances, with intergalactic voids showing greater effects (\( \kappa_g \gg \kappa_i \)) than interstellar voids. The line element is:
\begin{equation}
ds^2 = -c^2 dt^2 + dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2,
\end{equation}
but with extreme temporal acceleration and spatial expansion, rejecting flat spacetime assumptions.
\subsection{Galactic Spacetime}
Within the Milky Way, a radial gravitational gradient applies. Near the center, the Schwarzschild metric induces time dilation:
\begin{equation}
ds^2 = -\left(1 - \frac{2GM}{rc^2}\right)c^2 dt^2 + \left(1 - \frac{2GM}{rc^2}\right)^{-1} dr^2 + r^2 (d\theta^2 + \sin^2\theta d\phi^2).
\end{equation}
Outside the solar system (\( r > 1 \, \text{pc} \)), gravity decreases, approaching interstellar void conditions.
\subsection{Light Propagation Model}
For light from Sagittarius A* (\( D_s \approx 26,000 \, \text{light-years} \)) and a distant galaxy (\( D_g = 10^9 \, \text{light-years} \)), Earth’s position (\( r \approx 8.2 \, \text{kpc} \), \( \frac{2GM}{rc^2} \approx 10^{-6} \)) yields \( \tau \approx t \). Proper time is:
\begin{equation}
\tau = \int_0^D \sqrt{g_{00}(x)} \frac{dt}{c} \, dx.
\end{equation}
In voids, distances scale by \( \kappa \). For Sagittarius A*, with 50% interstellar void (\( f_i = 0.5 \), \( \kappa_i = 10^2 \)):
\begin{equation}
\tau_s \approx \frac{f_i D_s}{\kappa_i c} = \frac{0.5 \times 26,000}{10^2} = 130 \, \text{years}.
\end{equation}
For a galaxy, with 80% intergalactic void (\( f_g = 0.8 \), \( \kappa_g = 2 \times 10^5 \)):
\begin{equation}
\tau_g \approx \frac{f_g D_g}{\kappa_g c} = \frac{0.8 \times 10^9}{2 \times 10^5} = 4,000 \, \text{years}.
\end{equation}
Galactic segments add minor time dilation, keeping \( \tau_{\text{total}} < 7,000 \, \text{years} \).
\section{Cosmological Implications}
The standard model’s baseless assumptions inflate distances and light-travel times. JWST’s redshifted galaxies appear closer, with light arriving in <7,000 years via intergalactic voids. Interstellar voids overestimate the distance to Sagittarius A*. Superluminal motions (20c) and spiral arm dynamics reflect compounded void effects. The universe’s age, standardly 13.8 billion years, may be under 7,000 years.
\section{Conclusion}
Rejecting the standard model’s unverified assertions of uniform spacetime and constant metrics, we propose that voids, lacking mass, exhibit accelerated time and expanded distances, allowing light from Sagittarius A* and distant galaxies to reach Earth in under 6,000–7,000 years. These effects explain superluminal motions, spiral arm dynamics, and JWST anomalies. The Earth analogy—flat locally, round globally—highlights scale-dependent gravity. Earth’s position supports a universe age under 7,000 years, demanding a reevaluation of cosmological models.
\bibliography{references}
\end{document}
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