Alaska Sky Watcher

For those who prefer reading over listening — this is background reference.
What the study is about
The paper is looking at what happens when tiny aluminum oxide (alumina, Al₂O₃) nanoparticles are added to an alternative jet fuel called GTL (Gas-to-Liquid) fuel, specifically how that fuel sprays when injected into a jet engine combustor.
Why this matters:
In jet engines, how fuel sprays, breaks apart, and mixes with air strongly affects:
combustion efficiency
ignition reliability
flame stability
emissions
These spray characteristics are critical in high-altitude relight and pilot flames (when engines restart in thin air).
The authors note something important:
Nobody has really studied how nanoparticle-laden alternative jet fuels spray.
So this paper fills that gap.
What they actually did
Fuel modification
They took GTL jet fuel
Added alumina nanoparticles at three different concentrations
The particles are extremely small (nanometer scale)
Experimental setup (simplified)
Fuel was pushed through a jet nozzle using pressurized nitrogen
The nozzle:
Is a pressure-swirl nozzle
Has a 0.8 mm opening
Is the same type used in real jet engines for:
flame stabilization
relighting engines at altitude
The fuel was sprayed into a still air chamber (no wind, controlled conditions)
They tested two flow speeds, represented by Reynolds numbers:
13,700 (lower flow)
27,450 (higher flow)
How they measured the spray
They looked at the spray in two ways:
1. Macroscopic (big picture)
Using shadowgraph imaging:
How far the fuel travels before breaking apart
The shape of the spray
The breakup length of the liquid sheet
Think:
“What does the spray look like overall?”
2. Microscopic (small-scale)
Using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA):
Droplet size
Droplet velocity
How uniform the droplets are
Think:
“How big are the droplets and how fast are they moving?”
Key findings (the important part)
Adding alumina nanoparticles changes how the fuel sprays
Specifically:
The liquid fuel sheet breaks up sooner
Increasing nanoparticle concentration → shorter breakup length
In simple terms:
The fuel atomizes faster and more aggressively when nanoparticles are present.
This is a big deal for combustion.
Why this matters in real engines
Shorter breakup length and better atomization generally mean:
Better mixing with air
More stable combustion
Potentially easier ignition
More controllable flames
But—and this is crucial—
Nanoparticles also introduce new variables, including:
altered combustion chemistry
possible engine wear
unknown long-term effects
The paper does not address health or environmental impacts—only spray behavior.
The Established Science Behind Engineered Aerosols
A review of the scientific literature makes one thing clear: the physics governing aerosol formation, droplet size, dispersion, and persistence in the atmosphere is neither new nor speculative. It is a mature field of study that has been refined for decades through research on fuel sprays, combustion systems, and high-speed fluid dynamics. The same principles that govern how fuel is atomized inside jet engines also apply to how aerosols behave when released into the atmosphere at altitude.
Multiple studies demonstrate that spray behavior is highly sensitive to ambient conditions such as pressure and air density. Research on swirl injectors operating under elevated ambient pressure shows that droplet breakup, spray angle, penetration depth, and dispersion patterns change in predictable and controllable ways. As ambient conditions shift, so does the resulting aerosol cloud. This is not an accident of physics; it is an engineered response that designers actively account for when developing injection systems.
Foundational work dating back to the early 1960s established that ambient air density plays a critical role in droplet formation. Lower-density environments—such as those found at higher altitudes—produce smaller droplets with longer residence times. Smaller droplets remain suspended longer, travel farther, and evaporate differently than larger ones. These properties are precisely the characteristics required for any application that seeks to influence radiative transfer or atmospheric behavior over broad spatial scales.
Further modeling of high-speed viscous sheet atomization has provided the mathematical framework for understanding how liquids break apart into aerosols under high-velocity conditions. These models are routinely used in aerospace and propulsion engineering to predict and control droplet size distributions. High-speed atomization is not limited to combustion chambers; it is a general physical process that applies wherever liquids are dispersed at velocity into a gaseous medium.
Experimental studies of swirl-type atomizers confirm that droplet size distributions can be tightly controlled and that evaporation characteristics can be engineered. By adjusting injector geometry, flow rate, and fluid properties, researchers are able to produce narrow bands of droplet sizes rather than random sprays. This level of control directly contradicts the notion that aerosols released from aircraft are inherently chaotic or uncontrollable.
Research into alternative jet fuels, such as Fischer–Tropsch and gas-to-liquid fuels, further demonstrates that what exits an aircraft engine is not chemically or physically fixed. Changes in fuel composition alter particulate emissions, soot formation, and exhaust characteristics. When additives or nanoparticles are introduced, spray performance and atomization behavior change measurably. These effects are well documented in controlled laboratory settings and are actively studied for performance optimization.
Taken together, this body of work establishes a clear foundation: aerosols can be deliberately engineered. Their size, dispersion, persistence, and interaction with ambient atmospheric conditions can be predicted and controlled using known physics. The complexity often attributed to large-scale aerosol deployment is not a limitation of science or engineering capability, but rather a question of application.
Notably absent from much of this literature is any discussion of public consent, environmental toxicity, biological exposure, or long-term atmospheric consequences. The focus is overwhelmingly mechanical and performance-driven—how efficiently sprays can be generated, how predictably droplets behave, and how systems can be optimized. These omissions do not negate the science; they simply reveal its narrow scope.
From a purely technical standpoint, the conclusion is unavoidable: the same spray physics used every day in aerospace and combustion engineering directly applies to stratospheric aerosol injection and solar radiation modification. The capability is not theoretical. It has existed, in various forms, for decades. What remains contested is not whether such systems can function, but how—and whether—they should be used.

Stay Aware, Be Prepared and Until Next Time Keep Looking Up 👀

www.sciencedirect.com:5037/science/article/abs/pii…

1 day ago | [YT] | 86

Alaska Sky Watcher

Nearly every discussion about cosmic rays, radiation, or ozone destruction points to natural causes and long-term cycles. Yet the conditions we are observing do not align with a purely natural system. They reflect deliberate technological interaction with Earth’s atmospheric and space environment — a factor rarely acknowledged, but critical to understanding what is actually happening.Controlled Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons:

How Ground-Based Transmitters Actively Modify the Near-Earth Space Environment

For decades, the radiation belts surrounding Earth were described as a largely natural and untouchable feature of the planet’s space environment. That assumption changed definitively in 2003 with the publication of a landmark paper in the Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics) titled “Controlled precipitation of radiation belt electrons” by Umran Inan, Jacob Bortnik, and Jay Albert.

This work demonstrated — experimentally and observationally — that powerful ground-based Very Low Frequency (VLF) transmitters can intentionally scatter energetic electrons from Earth’s radiation belts into the atmosphere. What was once considered passive space weather was shown to be actively modifiable using terrestrial infrastructure.

This article explains the physical mechanisms involved, why the 2003 study remains significant, and how it fits into the broader context of space-atmosphere coupling.

The Earth–Ionosphere–Magnetosphere as a Coupled Electrical System

Earth’s atmosphere does not end at the clouds. Above roughly 100 km altitude lies the ionosphere, a plasma region extending upward to about 1,000 km and beyond. Embedded within this system are Earth’s magnetic field lines, which guide charged particles between the planet and the surrounding magnetosphere.

The radiation belts — often referred to as the Van Allen belts — consist of energetic electrons and ions trapped along these magnetic field lines. Under normal conditions, these particles remain confined, spiraling around the field lines and bouncing between hemispheres.

However, this confinement is not absolute.

Step 1: Ground-Based VLF Transmission

The process demonstrated by Inan et al. begins at the surface.

High-power VLF transmitters — originally constructed for submarine communication — emit electromagnetic waves in the ~15–25 kHz range. These waves propagate efficiently within the Earth–ionosphere waveguide, traveling thousands of kilometers horizontally.

Crucially, a portion of this energy leaks upward through the ionosphere and enters the magnetosphere.

This upward coupling is not theoretical. It has been measured repeatedly using satellites and ground-based receivers.

Step 2: Whistler-Mode Wave Propagation Along Magnetic Field Lines

Once in the magnetosphere, VLF waves transition into whistler-mode waves. These waves are guided along geomagnetic field lines, often traveling from one hemisphere to the other.

Whistler-mode waves are particularly important because:

They remain coherent over long distances

They interact efficiently with energetic electrons

Their propagation paths are predictable and repeatable

This sets the stage for controlled interaction with radiation belt particles.

Step 3: Gyroresonant Pitch-Angle Scattering

Electrons trapped in the radiation belts do not simply travel straight along magnetic field lines. They gyrate around them at a characteristic frequency known as the gyrofrequency.

When the frequency of an incoming whistler-mode wave matches the gyrofrequency of these electrons, gyroresonant interaction occurs.

This interaction causes:

A change in the electron’s pitch angle (the angle between its velocity and the magnetic field line)

Redistribution of electron trajectories

Some electrons to be scattered into the loss cone

This is the central mechanism demonstrated in the 2003 paper.

The scattering is not random. It is intentionally induced and temporally correlated with VLF transmission windows.

Step 4: Electron Precipitation Into the Atmosphere

Electrons that enter the loss cone are no longer magnetically trapped. They spiral downward along magnetic field lines and precipitate into the upper atmosphere, primarily affecting the D- and E-regions of the ionosphere.

This precipitation produces measurable effects:

Enhanced atmospheric ionization

Changes in electrical conductivity

Alteration of local plasma density

Later studies expanded on these results, showing impacts on:

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Ozone chemistry

Radio wave propagation conditions

At this point, space physics directly intersects atmospheric physics.

Why the 2003 Paper Was a Turning Point

The significance of Inan, Bortnik & Albert (2003) cannot be overstated.

The study showed — using satellite particle detectors and ground-based timing correlations — that humans can deliberately control energetic particle precipitation from the radiation belts.

This finding directly underpins modern research areas such as:

Radiation Belt Remediation (RBR)

Space weather mitigation strategies

Active magnetospheric modification

Military and civilian space environment management

The radiation belts were no longer passive features of nature. They became interactive components of a coupled Earth system.

Clarifying an Important Distinction

It is important to be precise.

The 2003 study focuses on radiation belt electrons, not galactic cosmic rays. However, this distinction does not diminish the broader implications.

Energetic particle precipitation:

Alters the ionization state of the upper atmosphere

Changes conductivity profiles

Modifies how incoming cosmic radiation interacts with atmospheric layers

In other words, by altering the ionospheric and magnetospheric environment, particle precipitation indirectly modulates the broader radiation–atmosphere system.

This coupling is well established in space physics literature, even if it is rarely discussed outside academic contexts.

A System, Not Isolated Layers

The key takeaway is simple but profound:

The magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere function as a single, electrically coupled system.

Ground-based transmitters can inject energy upward. That energy can propagate through space. It can interact resonantly with trapped particles. And those particles can be deliberately driven back into the atmosphere.

This is not speculation. It is peer-reviewed physics.

Closing Perspective

The 2003 JGR paper marked a shift in how humanity understands its relationship with near-Earth space. It demonstrated that technological systems on the ground are capable of altering particle dynamics thousands of kilometers above the planet — and, by extension, influencing atmospheric conditions below.

As research into energetic particle precipitation, ionospheric modification, and radiation belt dynamics continues, the question is no longer whether these systems can be influenced, but how often, how intentionally, and to what broader effect.

Stay Aware, Be Prepared and Until Next Time Keep Looking Up 👀
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRA..108.1186I/abst…

6 days ago | [YT] | 132

Alaska Sky Watcher

Good morning Sky Watchers ✨
I took these photos this morning at sunrise. The sky is filling in quickly now.

Camera: Nikon D500
Lens: 18–200mm DX
Filters: K&F ND + CPL

More later today.

Stay Aware, Be Prepared — and Until Next Time,
Keep Looking Up 👀

1 week ago | [YT] | 158

Alaska Sky Watcher

THE OFFICIAL HAARP SCHEDULE

Nov 17–22, 2025
With exact UTC times and frequencies.

These are not random numbers.
Each frequency corresponds to a very specific layer or resonant behavior in the ionosphere.

Let me decode this :

FREQUENCY BREAKDOWN (What They’re Actually Hitting)

2.75 – 4.3 MHz

This is lower F-region, heating the ionosphere between ~200–300 km altitude.
This area is:

crucial for radio reflection

sensitive to plasma bubbles

connected to equatorial anomaly formation

tied directly into the Global Electric Circuit

4.29 – 5.8 MHz

This starts coupling into:

mid F2 region

electron density cavities

upper atmospheric current channels

Also known to:

distort GPS

create small artificial auroral patches

generate Langmuir waves (high-energy plasma waves)

9.6 MHz

This one is NOT for LiDAR.
This frequency is used for artificial ionization, including:

creating plasma ducts

stimulating magnetic field-aligned irregularities

artificial airglow

ELF/VLF generation through ionospheric modulation

testing resonance effects near the f0F2 critical frequency

9.6 MHz is the power frequency they use when they want:

stronger heating

denser plasma patches

more vertical ionosphere expansion

stronger coupling to the magnetosphere

It’s NOT “just research.”
It’s an activator frequency.

THE TIMING IS THE BIG CLUE

Look at the dates:

Nov 17–22, 2025

This window overlaps:

a major geomagnetic event

merged CMEs

proton flux hitting Earth

elevated auroral oval expansion

Southward IMF intervals

solar wind compression

Why is this important?

Because:
Heating the ionosphere during a geomagnetic storm massively amplifies the effects.

During solar storms:

the ionosphere is already unstable

electron density fluctuates

field lines vibrate

auroras expand

electric currents intensify

Adding artificial HF heating on top of that creates:

stronger plasma waves

larger artificial auroral patches

deeper ionospheric cavities

more extreme ELF/VLF generation

magnetospheric feedback

This is exactly when they should NOT be transmitting
— unless they’re intentionally testing storm-time coupling.

And the fact they published the schedule means: they know the conditions are perfect to run experiments they usually can’t risk.

“LiDAR Tests” Are the Public Cover

LiDAR itself is harmless.
But HF heating + LiDAR is a well-known combo for:

Atmospheric conductivity mapping

Tracking aerosol ionization

Measuring electron density changes

Observing artificial plasma clouds

Studying vertical atmospheric expansion

Monitoring field-aligned currents

Basically:
They create a disturbance, then measure how far it spreads.

But that’s only what they admit to.

What they do not disclose:

High-power HF heating produces ELF/VLF waves

which travel down into:

the lithosphere

the ocean

the crust

power grids

communication lines

biological systems

That’s the part they never announce publicly.

This Schedule Tells Us Something Huge

Here is the real meaning behind this schedule:

They’re targeting the F2 layer during a G4+ geomagnetic storm.

They’re inducing plasma instabilities when the magnetosphere is already overloaded.

They’re testing resonance behavior at the f0F2 critical frequency.

They’re likely generating ground-penetrating VLF waves using ionospheric modulation.

They’re using known “sweet spots” for maximizing ionospheric heating.

The frequencies match patterns used in artificial aurora experiments.

This is not a casual experiment.
This is synchronized testing during high solar activity — the kind that generates the largest effects.

Stay Aware, Be Prepared and Until Next Time Keep Looking Up 👀

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1 month ago | [YT] | 157

Alaska Sky Watcher

Fox Lake, Illinois — last night’s sunset over Pistakee Lake.
Another wild week behind us.

If you want a full breakdown of what really unfolded with the auroras, the solar activity, and the technogenic interference, this is the video .
New video coming soon .

Stay Aware, Be Prepared and Until Next Time Keep Looking Up 👀

https://youtu.be/_V0IazsnXYM?si=OnvJp...

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1 month ago (edited) | [YT] | 107

Alaska Sky Watcher

From the Alaska Sky Watcher archives — one of the first videos that started it all.
Captured on a real Canary security cam, this moment shows what I still believe was a genuine sprite — a luminous, living energy form that appeared indoors.
I’ve photographed others since — one flying alongside an eagle, another interacting with a squirrel on my plow truck — but this was the one that made me realize how much more there is to this world than meets the eye.

Sometimes the smallest things remind us that we’re living in a realm far more mysterious than we’ve been told.
Stay Aware, Be Prepared and Until Next Time Keep Looking Up 👀

1 month ago | [YT] | 25

Alaska Sky Watcher

Tonight's full moon, the Beaver Moon. It's also the largest and brightest full moon of 2025, making it a supermoon.

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1 month ago | [YT] | 114

Alaska Sky Watcher

Some fall photos taken over the last couple of days . Hopefully I'll be able to capture the moon tonight, the sky is filling up quickly with aerosols. Taken with my Nikon D500 , 18-200 mm lens .

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1 month ago | [YT] | 108

Alaska Sky Watcher

Last night I had released a video about glyphosate. Shortly after that upload, I'm driving through Island Lake, Illinois and I see this sign.
https://youtu.be/zhFyquyozSU?si=QtmoF...

1 month ago (edited) | [YT] | 81

Alaska Sky Watcher

I know YouTube is mainly a video platform, but I’ve done so much research lately that it would be a waste not to share it here. For those who like to go deeper between uploads, here’s one of my latest written reports.
Smart Clouds and the Frequency War in the Sky

By Edward Abbott — Alaska Sky Watcher

Here’s what most people call lenticular clouds.

Meteorologists say they form when stable air flows over mountains, but if you actually watch them build in real time, you see a different story. They don’t just appear. Long aerosol lines spread across the same corridor first, then begin to condense, twist, and fold into layered discs. When radar is overlaid on the same region, pulsing beams or an X-pattern often lights up directly beneath the formations.

That correlation isn’t coincidence. It looks like electromagnetic heating—the creation of artificial plasma volumes that act as mirrors or lenses in the atmosphere. Whether you call them smart clouds or control clouds, they behave nothing like naturally formed wave clouds.

The Machinery Behind It

Systems such as NEXRAD aren’t simple weather cameras. Each unit transmits about 750 kilowatts peak, but because its signal is focused into a narrow beam through a klystron amplifier, its effective radiated power can reach many times that. The klystron takes a high-energy electron beam, modulates it, and releases concentrated microwave energy—exactly the mechanism used in directed-energy and ionospheric-heating research.

Stephen J. Smith once argued that the power of facilities like HAARP could be condensed into instruments the size of a NEXRAD dome. The physics is the same: concentrate radio frequency energy into the atmosphere, and you can alter its charge state or temperature. Miniaturization simply allows many smaller units to do what one large array once did.

High and Low Frequencies Working Together

Here’s where people often get confused.

High-frequency (HF) systems operate in the megahertz range—short wavelengths that can be aimed into the sky, bounced, or used to heat ionized layers.

Extremely-low-frequency (ELF) waves, on the other hand, are the slow, deep tones of the spectrum, able to couple into the ground and the ocean.

Modern transmitters can blend both. The HF carrier performs the visible task—radar or communication—while a low-frequency modulation rides on top, coupling energy into the ionosphere or the Earth’s magnetic field. It’s the fast wave carrying a slow heartbeat. Different frequencies, same machine.

From Arecibo to the Open Sky

At Arecibo, scientists demonstrated this decades ago—heating a small section of the ionosphere until it glowed, producing what they called an artificial plasma cloud. As that energized pocket cooled and reheated, it produced banded lines known as anisotropic waves—patterns identical to those now appearing in our skies. What used to require a massive array can now be achieved with smaller, distributed systems operating across continents.

The Pattern Above Us

When aerosol trails linger, condense, and then begin to pulse or ripple in place, the process resembles controlled ionization. These clouds reflect radar, bend radio paths, and sometimes even mimic natural lenticular forms. It’s atmospheric engineering expressed as weather.

Watch the skies—and more importantly, watch the radar. The story isn’t in the forecast; it’s written in the frequencies.

© Edward Abbott — Alaska Sky Watcher. All rights reserved.

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1 month ago | [YT] | 116