Unic Electric - Invidious

⚡ Understanding 7 Main Types of Electrical Panels
🔌 1️⃣ PCC Panel (Power Control Center)

Purpose:Controls and distributes main incoming power from the transformer.
Key Features:

1:-Equipped with ACBs, MCCBs, relays, and metering devices
2:-Provides overload and short-circuit protection
3:-Supplies power to MCC panels and sub-panels

Used In:Large industries, process plants, utility substations

💡2️⃣ MCC Panel (Motor Control Center)

Purpose:Controls and protects motors across different process areas.
Key Features:

1:-Includes contactors, overload relays, MCBs, and push buttons
2:-Enables local and remote operation
3:-Simplifies maintenance and troubleshooting
Used In:Water plants, chemical plants, conveyors, and HVAC system

⚙️ 3️⃣ APFC Panel (Automatic Power Factor Control)

Purpose:Maintains power factor near unity and reduces electricity penalties.
Key Features:

1:-Contains capacitor banks and APFC relays
2:-Automatically switches capacitors ON/OFF based on load
3:-Reduces reactive power lossand improves system efficiency

Used In:Factories, commercial buildings, and plants with high inductive load

🔄 4️⃣ VFD Panel (Variable Frequency Drive)

Purpose:-Controls motor speed and torque by varying frequency and voltage.
Key Features:

1:-Enables soft starting and smooth acceleration
2:-Saves energy during partial load conditions
3:-Reduces mechanical wear and noise
Used In:Pumps, fans, compressors, blowers, and HVAC systems

🧠5️⃣ PLC Panel (Programmable Logic Controller)

Purpose:-Provides automation and process control using logic-based programming.
Key Features:

1:-Receives signals from sensors and transmitters
2:-Executes logic to control actuators, motors, solenoids
3:-Enhances precision, safety, and productivity

Used In:Process industries, bottling plants, and assembly lines

🚨 6️⃣ Control Panel (Process Control & Monitoring)

Purpose:- Serves as the
interface between operator and system.
Key Features:

1:- Contains switches, indicators, meters, and HMI displays
2:- Enables manual and automatic operation
3:-Helps in monitoring system performance.

Used In:- Boilers, compressors, packaging and batching plants

🔋 7️⃣ Distribution Panel (Sub Power Distribution)

Purpose:- Safely distributes power to various sub-loads or areas.
Key Features:

1:- Uses MCBs, ELCBs, and isolators for protection
2:-Divides load into circuits for safety and convenience
3:-Ensures balanced load and fault isolation

Used In:-Offices, workshops, residential and industrial buildings

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2 months ago | [YT] | 3

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Unic Electric

🔹 Transformer Testing – Explanation & Procedure

1.Insulation Resistance (IR) Test

Purpose:
To check the insulation strength between windings to windings and winding & earth.

Ensures no moisture or deterioration.

Procedure:
Use Megger (500V / 1000V / 2500V / 5000V as per rating).

Disconnect all connections from transformer bushings.
Apply DC voltage between:

* HV ↔ LV
* HV ↔ Earth
* LV ↔ Earth
Record insulation resistance values in MΩ.
For better check, also calculate Polarization Index (PI = IR at 10 min / IR at 1 min)

2.Winding Resistance Test

Purpose:
To measure winding resistance of LV and HV windings.
Detects loose connections, shorted turns, or high-resistance joints.

Procedure:
Use a DC resistance test kit (Micro-ohmmeter)
Connect across each winding terminal (HV side & LV side).
Pass DC current and measure resistance.
Compare with design/previous values; should be balanced across phases.

3.Magnetic Balance Test

Purpose:
To detect inter-turn short circuits in three-phase transformers.
Ensures magnetic circuit balance of windings.

Procedure:
Apply low voltage AC (around 230V single phase supply) between two phases of HV winding at a time.
Measure voltages induced in the third phase.
Normal condition → induced voltages follow a definite balanced pattern.
Abnormal imbalance → indicates possible winding fault.

4.Vector Group Test

Purpose:
To confirm the vector group (phase displacement) of transformer windings.
Ensures parallel operation compatibility.

Procedure:
Apply 3-phase supply to HV side.
Measure phase-to-phase and phase-to-neutral voltages on HV & LV.
Compare phase displacement between HV and LV voltages.
Verify with nameplate vector group (e.g., Dyn11, YNd1, etc.).

5.Voltage Ratio Test

Purpose:
To verify that the ratio of primary to secondary voltages matches the design.

Procedure:
Apply rated voltage on HV side (or a reduced test voltage).
Measure voltage on LV side.
Calculate ratio: HV / LV.
Compare with nameplate ratio (tolerance ±0.5%).

6.Turns Ratio (TTR) Test

Purpose:
To accurately check the number of turns ratio between HV and LV.
More precise than simple voltage ratio test.

PROCEDURE:
Use TTR meter(special kit).
Connect across HV and LV windings.
Inject a low test voltage from TTR kit.
Instrument directly displays turns ratio & phase angle error.
Compare with rated ratio.

3 months ago | [YT] | 2

View 0 replies

Unic Electric

🔹 Transformer Testing – Explanation & Procedure

1.Insulation Resistance (IR) Test

Purpose:
To check the insulation strength between windings to windings and winding & earth.

Ensures no moisture or deterioration.

Procedure:
Use Megger (500V / 1000V / 2500V / 5000V as per rating).

Disconnect all connections from transformer bushings.
Apply DC voltage between:

* HV ↔ LV
* HV ↔ Earth
* LV ↔ Earth
Record insulation resistance values in MΩ.
For better check, also calculate Polarization Index (PI = IR at 10 min / IR at 1 min)

2.Winding Resistance Test

Purpose:
To measure winding resistance of LV and HV windings.
Detects loose connections, shorted turns, or high-resistance joints.

Procedure:
Use a DC resistance test kit (Micro-ohmmeter)
Connect across each winding terminal (HV side & LV side).
Pass DC current and measure resistance.
Compare with design/previous values; should be balanced across phases.

3.Magnetic Balance Test

Purpose:
To detect inter-turn short circuits in three-phase transformers.
Ensures magnetic circuit balance of windings.

Procedure:
Apply low voltage AC (around 230V single phase supply) between two phases of HV winding at a time.
Measure voltages induced in the third phase.
Normal condition → induced voltages follow a definite balanced pattern.
Abnormal imbalance → indicates possible winding fault.

4.Vector Group Test

Purpose:
To confirm the vector group (phase displacement) of transformer windings.
Ensures parallel operation compatibility.

Procedure:
Apply 3-phase supply to HV side.
Measure phase-to-phase and phase-to-neutral voltages on HV & LV.
Compare phase displacement between HV and LV voltages.
Verify with nameplate vector group (e.g., Dyn11, YNd1, etc.).

5.Voltage Ratio Test

Purpose:
To verify that the ratio of primary to secondary voltages matches the design.

Procedure:
Apply rated voltage on HV side (or a reduced test voltage).
Measure voltage on LV side.
Calculate ratio: HV / LV.
Compare with nameplate ratio (tolerance ±0.5%).

6.Turns Ratio (TTR) Test

Purpose:
To accurately check the number of turns ratio between HV and LV.
More precise than simple voltage ratio test.

PROCEDURE:
Use TTR meter(special kit).
Connect across HV and LV windings.
Inject a low test voltage from TTR kit.
Instrument directly displays turns ratio & phase angle error.
Compare with rated ratio.