EchoDx Hub

Apical ballooning with normal coronaries, triggered by stress, is:
A. Dilated cardiomyopathy
B. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
C. HOCM
D. ARVC

✅ Answer: B. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Explanation: Stress-induced reversible LV dysfunction with apical akinesia.

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#TakotsuboSyndrome #StressCardiomyopathy #EchoDiagnosis #CardiacMCQ

3 weeks ago | [YT] | 6

EchoDx Hub

Post-MI pericarditis occurring weeks after infarction is called:
A. Acute pericarditis
B. Constrictive pericarditis
C. Dressler syndrome
D. Cardiac tamponade


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#DresslerSyndrome #PostMISyndrome #Pericarditis #EchoFindings

3 weeks ago | [YT] | 4

EchoDx Hub

🩸 HUMAN BLOOD CIRCULATION SYSTEM — COMPLETE EXPLANATION

🔹 Overview

The human circulatory system (or cardiovascular system) is a closed network of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Its main job is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body — keeping every cell alive and functioning.

🔹 Main Components

Heart ❤️

The muscular pump that keeps blood moving continuously.

Has four chambers:

Right atrium & right ventricle → handle deoxygenated blood.

Left atrium & left ventricle → handle oxygenated blood.

Blood Vessels 🩸

Arteries – Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

Veins – Carry oxygen-poor blood toward the heart.

Capillaries – Tiny vessels for exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues.

Blood 🧬

Composed of RBCs (oxygen transport), WBCs (defense), platelets (clotting), and plasma (fluid medium).

🔹 Types of Circulation
1. Pulmonary Circulation

Right side of heart → Lungs → Left side of heart

Function: Oxygenates blood

Flow:
Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs (CO₂ out, O₂ in) → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium

2. Systemic Circulation

Left side of heart → Body tissues → Right side of heart

Function: Delivers oxygen and nutrients

Flow:
Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Arteries → Capillaries (exchange) → Veins → Vena Cavae → Right Atrium

3. Coronary Circulation

Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself via coronary arteries, and removes deoxygenated blood via cardiac veins.

🔹 Function Summary
Function Description
Oxygen Transport Delivers O₂ to tissues and removes CO₂
Nutrient Supply Distributes glucose, amino acids, vitamins
Waste Removal Carries urea, lactic acid to excretory organs
Hormone Delivery Circulates hormones to target organs
Immunity WBCs defend against infection
Temperature Control Helps maintain body temperature
🔹 Simple Diagram Flow

🫀 Heart → Arteries → Capillaries → Veins → Heart again

↪️ Continuous closed loop maintaining life and homeostasis.

✨ Summary Line

“The heart never rests — it beats over 100,000 times a day to keep life flowing through every cell.”

📌 Hashtags

#HumanCirculatorySystem #BloodCirculation #CardiologyBasics #HeartFunction #SystemicCirculation #PulmonaryCirculation #EchoDxHub #MedicalEducation #CardiacSonographer

2 months ago | [YT] | 2

EchoDx Hub

🫀 CORONARY CIRCULATION — ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR VIEW

✨ The lifeline of the heart — nourishing its own muscle before serving the body ✨

🔹 OVERVIEW

The coronary circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the myocardium (heart muscle) and drains deoxygenated blood through cardiac veins into the coronary sinus.
It begins at the root of the aorta, just above the aortic valve, from two main arteries:

Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

Left Coronary Artery (LCA)

🔸 ANTERIOR VIEW (Front of Heart)
🔹 Left Coronary Artery (LCA) — arises from the left aortic sinus

Branches into:
🟥 Left Anterior Descending (LAD) / Anterior Interventricular Artery – runs in anterior interventricular groove, supplies anterior wall, septum, and apex.
🟨 Left Circumflex Artery (LCx) – runs in left atrioventricular groove, supplies left atrium and lateral LV wall.
🟩 Diagonal Branches – supply anterior and lateral LV.

🔹 Right Coronary Artery (RCA) — arises from right aortic sinus

Courses along right AV groove

Gives right marginal branch → supplies right ventricle

May give rise to SA nodal branch (60%)

🧠 Mnemonic: LAD = “Widow Maker” → critical for LV anterior wall supply.

🔸 POSTERIOR VIEW (Back of Heart)
🔹 RCA Continuation

Gives Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) in most people (Right Dominant Circulation — 85%).

Supplies posterior interventricular septum and inferior wall.

🔹 LCx Contribution (in Left Dominant Circulation)

In ~15% of people, PDA arises from LCx instead of RCA.

Supplies posterior LV and septum.

🔹 Venous Drainage

🩵 Coronary Sinus – main venous channel on posterior AV groove.

Great Cardiac Vein → runs with LAD

Middle Cardiac Vein → runs with PDA

Small Cardiac Vein → runs with RCA

❤️ FUNCTIONAL SUMMARY

RCA → Right atrium, RV, inferior LV, conduction system

LAD → Anterior septum, anterior LV wall

LCx → Lateral & posterior LV wall


#EchoDxHub #CoronaryCirculation #CardiacAnatomy #HeartBloodSupply #CoronaryArteries #Echocardiography #CardiologyEducation #LAD #RCA #LCx #PDA #HeartPoster #MedicalLearning #CardiacSonographer

2 months ago | [YT] | 4

EchoDx Hub

🫀 ANATOMY OF THE HEART AND GREAT VESSELS

✨ The center of circulation — connecting heart to the body and lungs ✨

🔹 HEART OVERVIEW

The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ located in the mediastinum.
It pumps blood through two main circulations:

Pulmonary Circulation → heart ↔ lungs

Systemic Circulation → heart ↔ body

🔸 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

🟥 Right Atrium – Receives deoxygenated blood from SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus.
🟩 Right Ventricle – Pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary artery.
🟨 Left Atrium – Receives oxygenated blood from four pulmonary veins.
🟦 Left Ventricle – Thickest chamber; pumps oxygenated blood into aorta for systemic circulation.

🔸 HEART VALVES

🟪 Tricuspid Valve – Between right atrium and ventricle.
🟧 Pulmonary Valve – Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
🟦 Mitral Valve – Between left atrium and ventricle.
🟥 Aortic Valve – Between left ventricle and aorta.

➡️ Valves ensure one-way blood flow and prevent regurgitation.

🔹 GREAT VESSELS OF THE HEART

🟥 Aorta – Largest artery carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

🟢 Pulmonary Trunk / Arteries – Carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

🟡 Superior Vena Cava (SVC) – Returns deoxygenated blood from upper body to the right atrium.

🔴 Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) – Returns deoxygenated blood from lower body to the right atrium.

🟣 Pulmonary Veins – Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.


#EchoDxHub #HeartAnatomy #GreatVessels #CardiacAnatomy #Echocardiography #CardiologyEducation #CardiacSonographer #HeartFunction #MedicalLearning #AnatomyPost #HumanHeart #EchoLearning

2 months ago | [YT] | 6

EchoDx Hub

Q100: In echocardiography, which of the following is the most specific finding of cardiac tamponade?


#EchoDxHub #CardiacTamponade #PericardialEffusion #Echocardiography #CardiologyMCQ #EchoLearning

2 months ago | [YT] | 2

EchoDx Hub

Q100: In echocardiography, which of the following is the most specific finding of cardiac tamponade?

A) Dilated inferior vena cava with reduced respiratory collapse
B) Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle
C) Pericardial effusion with swinging heart motion
D) Tachycardia with low-voltage ECG

✅ Answer: B) Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle

📘 Explanation:
In cardiac tamponade, intrapericardial pressure exceeds the pressure within the cardiac chambers during diastole.
This leads to early diastolic collapse of the right ventricle and late diastolic collapse of the right atrium, which are highly specific echocardiographic signs of tamponade.
While IVC plethora (A) and pericardial effusion (C) suggest raised pericardial pressure, they are not diagnostic by themselves.

#EchoDxHub #CardiacTamponade #PericardialEffusion #Echocardiography #CardiologyMCQ #EchoLearning

2 months ago | [YT] | 0

EchoDx Hub

Q99: In echocardiography, which parameter is most specific for identifying restrictive left ventricular filling pattern (Grade III diastolic dysfunction)?

A) E/A ratio < 1
B) Deceleration time (DT) > 220 ms
C) E/A ratio ≥ 2 with E/e’ > 14
D) Pulmonary vein S > D

✅ Answer: C) E/A ratio ≥ 2 with E/e’ > 14

📘 Explanation:
A restrictive LV filling pattern shows very high early diastolic filling (E wave) and minimal atrial contribution (A wave). The E/A ratio ≥ 2 and E/e’ > 14 indicate markedly elevated LV filling pressures, characteristic of advanced diastolic dysfunction (Grade III).


#EchoDxHub #DiastolicDysfunction #LVFilling #Echocardiography #RestrictivePattern #CardiologyMCQ

2 months ago | [YT] | 0

EchoDx Hub

Q98 : During echocardiography, a patient presents with inferior wall akinesia and a posteriorly directed MR jet on color Doppler. Which mechanism best explains the mitral regurgitation in this scenario?


#EchoDxHub #IschemicMR #InferiorMI #Echocardiography #MitralRegurgitation #CardiologyMCQ

2 months ago | [YT] | 0

EchoDx Hub

Q98 : During echocardiography, a patient presents with inferior wall akinesia and a posteriorly directed MR jet on color Doppler. Which mechanism best explains the mitral regurgitation in this scenario?

A) Primary structural mitral valve disease
B) Ischemic MR due to papillary muscle dysfunction
C) Rheumatic involvement of the mitral valve
D) Functional MR due to LV dilatation

✅ Answer: B) Ischemic MR due to papillary muscle dysfunction

📘 Explanation:
Inferior wall infarction affects the posteromedial papillary muscle, leading to restricted leaflet motion (Type IIIb MR) and a posteriorly directed MR jet. The mitral leaflets themselves are structurally normal—regurgitation results from ischemic tethering and annular distortion.

#EchoDxHub #IschemicMR #InferiorMI #Echocardiography #MitralRegurgitation #CardiologyMCQ

2 months ago | [YT] | 2