Role of Congress Leaders Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Called the Iron Man of India, masterminded the integration. V. P. Menon: Civil servant who drafted the accession documents and negotiated with rulers. Jawaharlal Nehru: Focused on Kashmir and international diplomacy, while Patel handled most princely states.
Key States Integrated in 1948 Hyderabad: Integrated through Operation Polo (September 1948). The Nizam resisted but was defeated by the Indian Army. Junagadh: Nawab wanted to join Pakistan, but after public revolt and plebiscite, it acceded to India (1948). Travancore: Initially declared independence, but after assassination attempt on its Dewan, it joined India in 1948. Jodhpur, Bhopal, and Indore: Initially hesitant, but persuaded by Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon.
Number of States Integrated India had 562 princely states at independence. By 1948, most had signed the Instrument of Accession with Congress leadership.
Interim Government & Constituent Assembly Congress formed the Interim Government in September 1946, which continued into 1947 under Nehru’s leadership. The Constituent Assembly, dominated by Congress, began drafting India’s Constitution in December 1946 and carried this work forward after independence.
CSGyan
Manipur: Signed merger agreement in 1949, but groundwork began in 1948.
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Kashmir (1947–48): Acceded to India after tribal invasion from Pakistan. Congress had to balance military defense and diplomacy.
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Role of Congress Leaders
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Called the Iron Man of India, masterminded the integration.
V. P. Menon: Civil servant who drafted the accession documents and negotiated with rulers.
Jawaharlal Nehru: Focused on Kashmir and international diplomacy, while Patel handled most princely states.
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Key States Integrated in 1948
Hyderabad: Integrated through Operation Polo (September 1948). The Nizam resisted but was defeated by the Indian Army.
Junagadh: Nawab wanted to join Pakistan, but after public revolt and plebiscite, it acceded to India (1948).
Travancore: Initially declared independence, but after assassination attempt on its Dewan, it joined India in 1948.
Jodhpur, Bhopal, and Indore: Initially hesitant, but persuaded by Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon.
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Number of States Integrated
India had 562 princely states at independence.
By 1948, most had signed the Instrument of Accession with Congress leadership.
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Interim Government & Constituent Assembly
Congress formed the Interim Government in September 1946, which continued into 1947 under Nehru’s leadership.
The Constituent Assembly, dominated by Congress, began drafting India’s Constitution in December 1946 and carried this work forward after independence.
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The Congress was the dominant political force in the Constituent Assembly, shaping the early government and constitutional framework.
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J. B. Kripalani, Congress President, told the Viceroy in April 1947: “Rather than have a battle, we shall let them have their Pakistan.”
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Congress leaders, though committed to unity, accepted Partition as a pragmatic solution to prevent civil war.
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By mid-1947, communal violence in Bengal, Punjab, and Bihar had reached uncontrollable levels.
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