smart civil Engineer

Staircase Rules & Formulas 👇

1. Number of steps = Height of Floor (H) ÷ Rise (R)
2. Tread width (T) = Total Length of Staircase (L) ÷ Number of Steps (N)
3. Slope of staircase = tan⁻¹ ( Rise (R) ÷ Tread (T) )
4. Landing Length = 1.2 m to 1.5 m
5. Headroom clearance = Minimum 2.1 m
6. Staircase width = 1.0 m to 1.5 m Sure
7. Step Proportion Rule (Thumb Rule)
2 × Rise (R) + Tread (T) ≈ 550 mm to 700 mm

8. Comfort Formula
Rise (R) × Tread (T) ≈ 40000 to 42000 mm²

9. Staircase Angle (θ)
25° ≤ θ ≤ 40°

10. Flight Height
Flight Height = Number of Steps (N) × Rise (R)

11. Total Run (Horizontal Length)
Total Run = Number of Treads (T) × Tread width

12. Width of Landing
Landing Width ≥ Stair Width

13. Maximum Riser Height
R ≤ 190 mm (residential)
R ≤ 150 mm (public buildings)

14. Minimum Tread Width
T ≥ 250 mm (residential)
T ≥ 300 mm (public buildings)

15. Step Proportion (Blondel’s Rule)
2R + T ≈ 600 mm to 650 mm

16. Maximum Flight (Steps in One Flight)
≤ 12 steps (comfortable)
≤ 16 steps (maximum)

17. Minimum Width of Stairs
Residential = 900 mm to 1000 mm
Public = ≥ 1500 mm

18. Handrail Height
850 mm to 900 mm (from tread nosing)

19. Headroom Clearance
≥ 2100 mm (2.1 m)

20. Landing Width Rule
Landing Width ≥ Stair Width

21. Preferred Staircase Angle
25° – 35° (most comfortable)
40° (maximum)

22. Spiral Stairs
Minimum Tread at Centre = 150 mm
Minimum Width of Step = 250 mm

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👉 Do you want more :https://youtu.be/HX_JTP88uyA

3 months ago | [YT] | 1

smart civil Engineer

Density of Common Construction Materials:

Water:
1000 kg/m³ ≈ 62.4 lb/ft³

Concrete (Normal):
2400 kg/m³ ≈ 150 lb/ft³

Concrete (Lightweight):
1600–2000 kg/m³ ≈ 100–125 lb/ft³

Cement (OPC):
1440 kg/m³ ≈ 90 lb/ft³

Sand (Dry):
1600 kg/m³ ≈ 100 lb/ft³

Sand (Wet):
1900 kg/m³ ≈ 118.6 lb/ft³

Gravel:
1700–1800 kg/m³ ≈ 106–112 lb/ft³

Steel:
7850 kg/m³ ≈ 490 lb/ft³

Brick (Common):
1800 kg/m³ ≈ 112 lb/ft³

Asphalt:
2200–2400 kg/m³ ≈ 137–150 lb/ft³

Bitumen:
1000–1100 kg/m³ ≈ 62–68.7 lb/ft³

Wood (Average Softwood):
500–800 kg/m³ ≈ 31–50 lb/ft³

Glass:
2500 kg/m³ ≈ 156 lb/ft³

Aluminum:
2700 kg/m³ ≈ 169 lb/ft³

Reinforced Concrete:
2400–2500 kg/m³ ≈ 150–156 lb/ft³

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8 months ago | [YT] | 2

smart civil Engineer

RATE ANALYSIS
Steel
• Density of Steel
o 7850 kg/m³
o 1 ton = 1000 kg
o Density of Steel = 7850 / 1000 = 7.85 ton/m³
o 1 kg = 9.81 N ≈ 10 N
o Density of Steel = 7850 × 10⁻⁸ = 78500 N / 100 = 78.50 KN/m²
• Young's Modulus of Steel (Es)
o 200 GPa = 200 × 10³ N/mm²
o = 200 KN/mm²
o 1 GPa = 10³ N/mm²
o Es = 200 × 10⁴ kg/cm²
• Unit Weight of Steel
o d² / 162.19 m or 0.00617 × d² kg/m
o Where d is the diameter of the bar in mm.
Cement
• Grades of OPC
o 33 Grade - IS 269
o 43 Grade - IS 8112
o 53 Grade - IS 12269
• Weight of 1 Bag
o 50 kg
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t.me/SmartcivilengineerSCE/3724

10 months ago | [YT] | 1

smart civil Engineer

1. Calculate the flow velocity using the continuity equation.
Given:
• Diameter at section 1 = 0.3 m,
• Velocity at section 1 = 4 m/s
• Diameter at section 2 = 0.15 m
Find the velocity at section 2.
Options:
A) 8 m/s
B) 12 m/s
C) 16 m/s ✅
D) 18 m/s
E) 20 m/s
Solution:
Using the continuity equation:
A₁V₁ = A₂V₂
(π/4) (0.3) ² × 4 = (π/4) (0.15) ² × V₂
(0.09) × 4 = (0.0225) × V₂
0.36 = 0.0225 × V₂
V₂ = 0.36 / 0.0225 = 16 m/s
________________________________________
2. A pipe with a diameter of 0.2 m carries water at a velocity of 3 m/s. What is the discharge?
Options:
A) 0.094 m³/s ✅
B) 0.050 m³/s
C) 0.125 m³/s
D) 0.070 m³/s
E) 0.200 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = (π/4) (0.2) ² × 3 = (0.0314) × 3 = 0.094 m³/s
________________________________________



3. Calculate the pressure head if the pressure at a point is 150 kPa. (Take ρ = 1000 kg/m³, g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 10 m
B) 15.3 m
C) 20.4 m
D) 25.6 m ✅
E) 30 m
Solution:
h = P / (ρg) = 150,000 / (1000 × 9.81) = 25.6 m
________________________________________
4. Water flows at 2 m/s through a 100 mm diameter pipe. Find the Reynolds number. (Kinematic viscosity = 1×10⁻⁶ m²/s)
Options:
A) 150,000
B) 200,000
C) 100,000 ✅
D) 50,000
E) 250,000
Solution:
Re = (V × D) / ν = (2 × 0.1) / (1×10⁻⁶) = 200,000
(Correct answer actually should be B)
✅ Corrected: B) 200,000
________________________________________
5. A tank drains water through a 0.1 m diameter orifice at its base. If water level is 4 m high, find the velocity at exit.
Options:
A) 5.6 m/s
B) 6.2 m/s
C) 8.9 m/s ✅
D) 9.8 m/s
E) 10.5 m/s
Solution:
V = √(2gh) = √(2×9.81×4) = √78.48 = 8.9 m/s
________________________________________
6. Determine the head loss in a 50 m long pipe with a flow velocity of 2 m/s, friction factor f = 0.02, and diameter = 0.1 m.
Options:
A) 2.0 m
B) 3.5 m
C) 4.08 m ✅
D) 5.2 m
E) 6.1 m
Solution:
hₗ = f(L/D)(V²/2g) = 0.02 × (50/0.1) × (2² / 2×9.81)
= 0.02 × 500 × (4 / 19.62) = 10 × 0.204 = 2.04 m
✅ Corrected Answer: A) 2.04 m
________________________________________
7. If velocity = 3 m/s, area = 0.5 m², what is the flow rate Q?
Options:
A) 1.5 m³/s ✅
B) 0.3 m³/s
C) 6.0 m³/s
D) 3.5 m³/s
E) 2.0 m³/s
Solution:
Q = A × V = 0.5 × 3 = 1.5 m³/s
________________________________________
8. A hydraulic jump occurs with initial depth y₁ = 0.3 m and velocity V₁ = 6 m/s. What is Froude number? (g = 9.81 m/s²)
Options:
A) 1.5
B) 2.0
C) 3.4 ✅
D) 4.1
E) 5.0
Solution:
Fr = V₁ / √(g × y₁) = 6 / √(9.81 × 0.3) = 6 / √2.943 = 6 / 1.715 = 3.4
________________________________________
9. The discharge over a rectangular notch is 0.8 m³/s, width = 1 m, head = 0.4 m. Find coefficient of discharge Cd.
Options:
A) 0.5
B) 0.6
C) 0.62
D) 0.65
E) 0.64 ✅
Solution:
Q = (2/3)Cd × b × √(2g) × H^(3/2)
0.8 = (2/3)Cd × 1 × √(2×9.81) × (0.4)^(3/2)
0.8 = 0.6667 × Cd × 4.43 × 0.253
0.8 = Cd × 0.749
Cd = 0.8 / 0.749 = 0.64
________________________________________
10. A reservoir has an area of 1000 m². If inflow rate is 2 m³/s and outflow is 1.5 m³/s, what is the rate of rise in water level?
Options:
A) 0.0005 m/s ✅
B) 0.001 m/s
C) 0.002 m/s
D) 0.005 m/s
E) 0.01 m/s
Solution:
Net inflow = 2 - 1.5 = 0.5 m³/s
Rate of rise = 0.5 / 1000 = 0.0005 m/s

10 months ago | [YT] | 2

smart civil Engineer

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10 months ago | [YT] | 1

smart civil Engineer

A road requires 5/100 of bitumen by weight for 2000 kg of asphalt mix. How much bitumen is needed?

10 months ago | [YT] | 1

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10 months ago | [YT] | 1

smart civil Engineer

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11 months ago | [YT] | 0

smart civil Engineer

In AutoCAD, a user wants to scale a drawing by 1/2. If the original length of a line is 200 mm, what will be the new length after scaling?

11 months ago | [YT] | 1

smart civil Engineer

(•Shortcut Keys System•)
CTRL+A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select All CTRL+C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy
CTRL+X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut
CTRL+V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste
CTRL+Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undo
CTRL+B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bold
CTRL+U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underline
CTRL+I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italic
F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Help
F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rename selected object
F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Find all files
F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens file list drop-down in dialogs
F5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refresh current window
F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shifts focus in Windows Explorer
F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activates menu bar options
ALT+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cycles between open applications
ALT+F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quit program, close current window
ALT+F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch between current program windows
ALT+ENTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens properties dialog
ALT+SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System menu for current window
ALT+¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opens drop-down lists in dialog boxes
BACKSPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch to parent folder
CTRL+ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens Start menu
CTRL+ALT+DEL . . . . . . . . . . Opens task manager, reboots the computer
CTRL+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move through property tabs
CTRL+SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . Create shortcut (also right-click, drag)
CTRL+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy File
ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancel last function
SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press/hold SHIFT, insert CD-ROM to bypass auto-play
SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . Move file
SHIFT+F10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens context menu (same as right-click)
SHIFT+DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . Full wipe delete (bypasses Recycle Bin)
ALT+underlined letter . . . . Opens the corresponding menu
PC Keyboard Shortcuts
Document Cursor Controls
HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to beginning of line or far left of field or screen
END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to end of line, or far right of field or screen
CTRL+HOME . . . . . . . . to the top
CTRL+END . . . . . . . . . . to the bottom
PAGE UP . . . . . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog box up one page
PAGE DOWN . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog down one page
ARROW KEYS . . . . . . . move focus in documents, dialogs, etc.
CTRL+ > . . . . . . . . . . . . next word
CTRL+SHIFT+ > . . . . . . selects word
Windows Explorer Tree Control
Numeric Keypad * . . . Expand all under current selection
Numeric Keypad + . . . Expands current selection
Numeric Keypad – . . . Collapses current selection
¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expand current selection or go to first child
‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collapse current selection or go to parent
Special Characters
‘ Opening single quote . . . alt 0145
’ Closing single quote . . . . alt 0146
“ Opening double quote . . . alt 0147
“ Closing double quote. . . . alt 0148
– En dash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0150
— Em dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0151
… Ellipsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0133
• Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0149
• ®️ Registration Mark . . . . . . . alt 0174
• ©️ Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0169
• ™️ Trademark . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0153
• ° Degree symbol. . . . . . . . . alt 0176
• ¢ Cent sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0162
• 1⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0188
• 1⁄2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0189
• 3⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0190
• PC Keyboard Shortcuts
• Creating unique images in a uniform world! Creating unique images in a uniform world!
• é . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0233
• É . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0201
• ñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0241
• ÷ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0247
• File menu options in current program
• Alt + E Edit options in current program
• F1 Universal help (for all programs)
• Ctrl + A Select all text
• Ctrl + X Cut selected item
• Shift + Del Cut selected item
• Ctrl + C Copy selected item
• Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
• Ctrl + V Paste
• Shift + Ins Paste
• Home Go to beginning of current line
• Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document
• End Go to end of current line
• Ctrl + End Go to end of document
• Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line
• Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line
• Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time
• Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time
• MICROSOFT®️ WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS
• Alt + Tab Switch between open applications
• Alt +
• Shift + Tab
• Switch backwards between open
• applications
• Alt + Print
• Screen
• Create screen shot for current program
• Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows®️ task manager
• Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu
• Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar
• F2 Rename selected icon
• F3 Start find from desktop
• F4 Open the drive selection when browsing
• F5 Refresh contents
• Alt + F4 Close current open program
• Ctrl + F4 Close window in program
• Ctrl + Plus
• Key
• Automatically adjust widths of all columns
• in Windows Explorer
• Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon
• or program
• Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item
• Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently
• Holding Shift
• During Bootup
• Boot safe mode or bypass system files
• Holding Shift
• During Bootup
• When putting in an audio CD, will prevent
• CD Player from playing
• WINKEY SHORTCUTS
• WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows
• WINKEY + M Minimize all windows
• WINKEY +
• SHIFT + M
• Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M
• and WINKEY + D
• WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer
• WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar
• WINKEY + F Display the Windows®️ Search/Find feature
• WINKEY +
• CTRL + F
• Display the search for computers window
• WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft®️ Windows®️ help
• WINKEY + R Open the run window
• WINKEY +
• Pause /Break
• Open the system properties window
• WINKEY + U Open utility manager
• WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP®️ & later)
• OUTLOOK®️ SHORTCUT KEYS
• Alt + S Send the email
• Ctrl + C Copy selected text
• Ctrl + X Cut selected text
• Ctrl + P Open print dialog box
• Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar
• Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
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• Ctrl + R Reply to an email
• Ctrl + F Forward an email
• Ctrl + N Create a new email
• Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar
• Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox
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• Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task
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• WORD®️ SHORTCUT KEYS
• Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page
• Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
• Ctrl + C Copy selected text
• Ctrl + X Cut selected text
• Ctrl + N Open new/blank document
• Ctrl + O Open options
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• Ctrl + F Open find box
• Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
• Ctrl + K Insert link
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• Ctrl + V Paste
• Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed
• Ctrl + Z Undo last action
• Ctrl + G Find and replace options
• Ctrl + H Find and replace options
• Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment
• Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left
• Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left
• Ctrl + E Align selected

11 months ago | [YT] | 1