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MDR-TB is resistant to which key drugs?

1 month ago | [YT] | 0

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A 60-year-old smoker with dyspnea has FEV1/FVC < 0.70 and low symptoms. According to GOLD 2025, what's the initial pharmacotherapy for Group A COPD?

1 month ago | [YT] | 3

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Why is the use of the palmar base of the hand or the ulnar surface most effective for assessing tactile fremitus?
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Answer --These areas have high-density Pacinian corpuscles that are highly sensitive to low-frequency vibration.

Pacinian corpuscles in the palmar and ulnar areas are mechanoreceptors specifically well-suited for detecting the low-frequency vibrations of fremitus.

2 months ago | [YT] | 0

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Understanding COPD: A Simple Guide for Everyone

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common lung condition that makes it hard to breathe. It mainly affects people over 40, especially those who smoke or have been exposed to lung irritants for a long time.

What is COPD?
COPD stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic means it’s a long-term condition.

Obstructive means your airways are narrowed, making it hard to get air in and out.

Pulmonary means it affects your lungs.

Disease means it’s a medical condition.

COPD is actually a group of lung diseases, mainly:

Chronic bronchitis: Long-term inflammation of the airways, causing cough and mucus.

Emphysema: Damage to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, making it hard to get enough oxygen.

What Causes COPD?
The main cause is smoking—including cigarettes, bidis, and even passive smoke. Other causes include:

Breathing in dust, fumes, or chemicals at work

Air pollution, especially from burning wood or coal for cooking or heating

A rare genetic problem called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Symptoms to Watch For
Shortness of breath, especially when active

Persistent cough (often called “smoker’s cough”) with mucus

Wheezing (whistling sound when breathing)

Frequent chest infections

Feeling tired or weak

Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time. Many people mistake them for normal aging or a smoker’s cough, so COPD often goes undiagnosed.

How is COPD Diagnosed?
Doctors use:

Your symptoms and medical history

A simple breathing test called spirometry to check how well your lungs work.

Is There a Cure?
There is no cure for COPD, but treatment can help you feel better and stay active:

Stop smoking—this is the most important step!

Inhalers and medicines to open your airways

Pulmonary rehabilitation (special exercises and education)

Oxygen therapy in severe cases.

Living with COPD
Avoid smoke, dust, and air pollution as much as possible.

Get vaccinated against flu and pneumonia.

Stay active and eat healthy to keep your strength up.

See your doctor regularly and take your medicines as prescribed.

Remember:
If you have a long-term cough, breathlessness, or frequent chest infections—especially if you’re over 35 and have ever smoked—see your doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment can help you live better with COPD.

COPD is serious, but with the right care, you can manage your symptoms and enjoy life.

6 months ago | [YT] | 0

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#Crazy_paving_apperernce
It refers to the appearance of ground-glass opacities with superimposed interlobular septal thickening and intralobular septal thickening, seen on chest HRCT or standard CT chest. It is a non-specific finding that can be seen in a number of conditions. Common causes:

pulmonary edema (most common)

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

bacterial pneumonia

acute interstitial pneumonia: ARDS of unknown etiology

pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 

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9 months ago | [YT] | 1

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#Head_cheese_sign
Three attenuation pattern or three density pattern was formerly known as the head cheese sign and refers to the presence of well-defined areas of decreased, normal, and increased attenuation on inspiratory CT.
Causes includes
*Hypersensitivity pneumonitis*
Sarcoidosis
Bronchiolitis
Mycoplasma pneumonia
DIP

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10 months ago | [YT] | 1

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#SAND_STORM_SIGN seen in Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis which is a rare idiopathic condition characterized by widespread intra-alveolar deposition of spherical calcium phosphate microliths.

The #BLACK_PLEURA_SIGN is a feature described in pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. It is seen as a strip of tangential peripheral lucency underlying the ribs as compared to the adjacent diffusely dense calcified lung.

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10 months ago | [YT] | 1

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#comet_tail_sign is a finding that can be seen on CT scans of the chest. It consists of a curvilinear opacity that extends from a subpleural "mass" toward the ipsilateral hilum. The comet tail sign is produced by the distortion of vessels and bronchi that lead to an adjacent area of round atelectasis, which is the mass. The bronchovascular bundles appear to be pulled into the mass and resemble a comet tail.

Adjacent pleural thickening is almost always seen and well demonstrated at CT. On administration of IV contrast, homogeneous enhancement is seen. This, however may also be seen in carcinomas and hence cannot be used as a differentiating feature.

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10 months ago | [YT] | 1

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The #Cheerios_sign, also called the open
bronchus sign, is characterized by a pulmonary nodule with a lucency at its center resembling the Cheerios breakfast cereal.
It occurs due to proliferation of neoplastic or nonneoplastic cells
around a patent airway, seen in conditions such as lung adenocarcinoma and pulmonary Langerhans cell
histiocytosis, respectively.
The Cheerios sign is more commonly seen in the lepidicpredominant adenocarcinoma because it classically
maintains the alveolar architecture and luminal patency.
This sign can also be occasionally seen in cavitary lesions of the lung, such as fungal infections, primary and metastatic lung cancers, lymphoma,
rheumatoid nodules, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

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10 months ago (edited) | [YT] | 2

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NEW VIDEO ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PRACTICAL

11 months ago | [YT] | 0