Medical knowledge 360°

Plant cell structure

4 months ago | [YT] | 1

Medical knowledge 360°

5 months ago | [YT] | 0

Medical knowledge 360°

✅ Hormones and their Functions

1. Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH)
Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis.


2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion.


3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Function ~ stimulates the production of of steroids by adrenal cortex.


4. Gonadotropic hormones

(i) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Function ~ stimulates gamate, production, secration of sex hormones, development of follicles.

(ii) interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) or luteinising  hormone (LH)
Function ~ stimulates the leydig cells of testis and induces secretion of testosterone. stimulates development of Corpus luteum and ovulation in female.


5. Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin
Function ~ stimulates the growth of mammary glands, lactation and maintenance of Corpus luteum.

6. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Function ~ controls dispersal of melanophores , in man it is doubtful.

7. Oxytocin
Function ~ stimulates secretion of milk from mammary glands ; causes contraction of uterus at the time of child birth.

8. Antidiuretic hormone or ADH (vasopressin)
Function ~ stimulates the nephrons for reabsorption of water. Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and causes rise in blood pressure.

9. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Function ~ control metabolism , regulate body temperature by calorigenic action.

10. Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)
Function ~ controls calcium (Ca++) level in blood, Check osteoporosis.

11. Parathormone
Function ~ maintains proper level of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal action , thus , controlling calcium and phosphate amount in bones.

12. Insulin (from β cells)
Function ~ stimulates metabolism of carbohydrates. Influences the storage and utilization of sugar , inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis stimulates glycogenesis.

13. Glucagon (from α cell)
Function ~ influences the enzymatic action of phosphorylase , controlling glycogenolysis in tha liver and muscles ; increases the amount of sugar in blood.
Antagonistic to insulin, inhibits glycogenesis.

14. Somatostatin(ss)
Function ~ suppresses the release of hormones from the pancrease and digestive track.

15. Pancreatic polypeptide
Function ~ inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancrease.

16. Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Function ~ Regulates heart beat , blood pressure , sympathetic nervous system , contraction of involuntary muscles of lung , eyes , gut etc. , Production of blood , flow of saliva and sweat under emotional state.

17. Adrenocorticoids
Function ~ regulate water and electrolyte balance, regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism; stimulate development of male and female secondary sexual characters.

18. Testosterone (leydig's cells)
Function ~ affects the normal development and functions of secondary sexual organs and characters in male.
~ stimulate formation of sperms.

19. Estrogen (graafian follicles)
Function ~ Affects development and maintenance of secondary sexual characters in female.
~ stimulate maturation of ova.

20. Progesterone (Ovary and Corpus luteum )
Function ~ stimulates uterus for pregnancy, implantation and formation of placenta, also stimulates mammary glands.

21. Relaxin ( Corpus luteum )
Function ~ relaxes ligaments of pelvic girdle at the time of birth.

22. Human chorionic gonadotropin or  HCG (placenta)
Function ~ pravints disintegration of the Corpus luteum and maintains progesterone  production.

23. Serotonin
Function ~ Helps in vasoconstriction of blood vessels.

24. Melatonin
Function ~ Reduces quantity of FSH and LH, Acts as anti gonadotropic hormone.

25. Thymosin
Function ~ regulates growth, stimulates proliferation of lymphocytes and also hastens sexual maturity.

11 months ago | [YT] | 0

Medical knowledge 360°

One Liners (OPTHAMOLOGY)🔥

1)Most common association of Scleritis is Rheumatoid arthritis
2) Scleromalacia perforans seen in long standing RA
3) Microcornea: corneal diameter less than 10mm
4)Megalocornea cornea: corneal diameter more than or equal to 13mm
5)Most common cause of Bacterial ulcer in India – Pneumococcus
6) Most common cause of Fungal ulcer in India – Aspergillus
7)Most common Ulcer in CL use – Pseudomonas
8) Ring Ulcer in CL user – Acanthamoeba Keratitis
9) Most painful ulcer - Acanthamoeba Keratitis
10)Ulcus Serpens – Pneumococcus Keratitis
11) Hypopyon Ulcer - Pneumococcus Keratitis
12) Satellite Lesions – Fungal corneal ulcer
13)Dendritic Ulcer – Herpetic ulcer
14) Reduced corneal sensations - Herpetic ulcer
15) Geographic Ulcer - Herpetic ulcer
16) Disciform keratitis - Herpetic ulcer
17) Hutchinson sign – HZV ophthalmicus
18) Interstitial Keratitis – Cogan Syndrome
19)Salmon Patch seen in - Interstitial Keratitis
20) Idiopathic Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis – Mooren’s ulcer
21) Neurotrophic Ulcer – 5th Nerve palsy
22) Neuroparalytic ulcer – 7th Nerve palsy
23) Fleischer Ring – Iron ring in Keratoconus
24)Vogt’s Stria – Keratoconus
25) Rizzuti Sign – Scissoring reflex on retinoscopy in Keratoconus
26) Oil-droplet sign – on DDO in Keratoconus
27) Munsen sign – Conical shape of lid on looking down in Keratoconus
28) Hydrops – Stromal edema in Keratoconus
29) Choice of investigation for Keratoconus – Corneal tomography
30)C3R/ Collagen Cross linking is treatment for - Keratoconus
31)Most common epithelial Corneal Dystrophy – Map Dot Fingerprint Dystrophy
32)Most common Stromal Corneal Dystrophy – Lattice Dystrophy
33) Most common Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy – Fuch’s Endothelial Dystrophy

34)Most common type of congenital cataract – Blue dot cataract
35) Most common type of visually significant congenital cataract – Lamellar/Zonular Cataract
36) Rider’s are seen in Lamellar/Zonular Cataract
37) Most common type of acquired cataract – Senile cataract
38) Index Myopia/Second Sight of old age seen in – Nuclear Sclerosis
39) Cataract causing Glare/early vision disturbance – Posterior subcapsular Cataract
40) Cataract causing vision difficulty in dim light – Cuneiform Cortical Cataract
41)Most common complication of Morgagnian cataract – Phacolytic glaucoma
42)Phacomorphic glaucoma is due to – Intumescent Mature Cataract
43) Snowflake Cataract – Diabetes
44)Rosette Cataract – Blunt Trauma
45) Oil droplet Cataract – Galactosemia
46)Reversible Cataract - Galactosemia
47)Sunflower Cataract – Wilson’s Disease
48) Christmas tree Cataract- Myotonic Dystrophy
49)Polychromatic lustre/Breadcrumb appearance – Complicated Cataract
50) Onion peel appearance – Posterior Polar Cataract
51)Glass Blower’s cataract – True exfoliation cataract
52) Steroid induced cataract – Posterior subcapsular cataract
53) Anterior Lenticonus – Alport syndrome
54) Posterior lenticonus – Lowe’s syndrome
55) Microspherophakia – Weil Marchesani Syndrome
56)Ectopia lentis – superotemporal dislocation – Marfan’s syndrome
57)Ectopia lentis – inferonasal dislocation – Homocystinuria
58) Laser used in Cataract Surgery – Femtosecond Laser
59) Ideal site of IOL implantation – In the capsular bag
60) Flexible IOL material – Acrylic, Rigid IOL – PMMA
61) Formula IOL power calculation – SRK II Formula
62)Most common late complication of Cataract Surgery – After Cataract/Posterior Capsular opacification
63) Treatment of After cataract – Nd Yag Laser Capsulotomy
64) Most dangerous complication of Cataract Surgery – Endophthalmitis
65) Most common cause of acute endophthalmitis – Staph epidermidis
66) Most common cause of late endophthalmitis – Propionibacterium acne, Fungi
67) Treatment of Endophthalmitis – Intravitreal Antibiotics/Pars plana vitrectomy
68) Gold standard Tonometry – Goldmann Applanation Tonometer
69) Lamellar dot sign – glaucomatous optic atrophy
70)Bayonetting of vessels/Nasalisation of vessels - glaucomatous optic atrophy

11 months ago | [YT] | 0

Medical knowledge 360°

✅ Important Full Forms

➖ AF: atrial fibrillation
➖ AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
➖ AKA: alcoholic ketoacidosis
➖ ALL: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
➖ AMI: acute myocardial infarction
➖ ARF: acute renal failure
➖ BP: blood pressure
➖ CABG: coronary artery bypass graft
➖ CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
➖ CCF: congestive cardiac failure
➖ CF: cystic fibrosis
➖ CHD: coronary heart disease
➖ CNS: central nervous system
➖ COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
➖ CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure
➖ CRF: chronic renal failure
➖ CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
➖ CT: computer mography
➖ CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
➖ CVD: cardiovascular disease
➖ DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis
➖ DU: duodenal ulcer
➖ DVT: deep vein thrombosis
➖ ECG: electrocardiograph
➖ EEG: electroencephalogram
➖ ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate
➖ ESRD: end-stage renal disease
➖ FPG: fasting plasma glucose
➖ GIT: gastrointestinal tract
➖ GU: gastric ulcer
➖ GvHD: graft versus host disease
➖ HAV: hepatitis A virus
➖ HBV: hepatitis B virus
➖ Hcg: human chorionic gonadotrophin
➖ HCV: hepatitis C virus
➖ HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
➖ HNA: heparin neutralising activity
➖ ICH: intracranial haemorrhage
➖ IDA: iron deficiency anaemia
➖ IDDM: insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus
➖ IFG: impaired fasting glucose
➖ IGT: impaired glucose tolerance
➖ IHD: ischaemic heart disease
➖ Ig: immunoglobulin
➖ IM: intramuscular
➖ INR: international normalized ratio
➖ ITU: intensive therapy unit
➖ IV: intravenous
➖ IVU: intravenous urogram
➖ K+: potassium
➖ kg: kilogram
➖ KUB: kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray)
➖ LBBB: left bundle branch block
➖ LCM: left costal margin
➖ LFTs: liver function tests
➖ LIF: left iliac fossa
➖ LUQ: left upper quadrant
➖ LVF: left ventricular failure
➖ LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy
➖ MC&S: microscopy, culture & sensitivity
➖ MCH: mean cell haemoglobin
➖ MI: myocardial infarction
➖ Min: minutes
➖ MPD: myeloproliferative disease
➖ MRI: magnetic resonance imaging
➖ MS : multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy
➖ Na+: sodium
➖ NaCl: sodium chloride
➖ OA : osteoarthritis
➖ OCP: oral contraceptive pill
➖ PACWP; pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure
➖ PAD: peripheral arterial disease
➖ PaO2: partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
➖ PB: peripheral blood
➖ PBC : primary biliary cirrhosis
➖ PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention
➖ PCL: plasma cell leukaemia
➖ PE: pulmonary embolism
➖ PR: per rectum
➖ PT: prothrombin time
➖ PV: plasma volume
➖ RAS: renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis
➖ RBBB: right bundle branch block
➖ RBCs: red blood cells
➖ RCC: red blood cell count
➖ Rh: Rhesus
➖ RIF: right iliac fossa
➖ RUQ: right upper quadrant
➖ SC: subcutaneous
➖ SDH: subdural haemorrhage
➖ SOB: short of breath
➖ SM: smooth muscle
➖ SVC : superior vena cava
➖ SVCO: superior vena caval obstruction
➖ SXR: skull x-ray
➖ T°: temperature
➖ t1/2: half-life
➖ T4: thyroxine
➖ TA: temporal arteritis
➖ TB: tuberculosis
➖ TFT: thyroid function test
➖ TIAs: transient ischaemic attacks
➖ TPO: thyroid peroxidase
➖ TRAB: thyrotropin receptor antibodies
➖ TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone
➖ TT: thrombin time
➖ u/U: units
➖ UC: ulcerative colitis
➖ U&E: urea and electrolytes
➖ UKPDS: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
➖ URTI: upper respiratory tract infection
➖ UTI: urinary tract infection
➖ USS: ultrasound scan
➖ VIII: C factor VIII clotting activity
➖ VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide
➖ Vit K: vitamin K
➖ VSD: ventricular septal defect
➖ WBC: blood count or white blood

11 months ago | [YT] | 0

Medical knowledge 360°

Blood counts that tell you a lot about your health

📌Hemoglobin(Hb):
A blood pigment found in red blood cells whose main function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to remove CO2 from the body.

📌RBCs:
Increased value occurs in heart defects, bronchial, lung, kidney, and liver disease.

📌Leukocytes:
Indicates infections and inflammation.

📌 Platelets:
If they are more than normal, you may have tuberculosis, ulcerative colitis, or cirrhosis of the liver.

📌SEE or ROE:
Elevated values occur with infections, inflammation, anemia, kidney disease, hormonal disorders, and pregnancy.

📌Glucose:
An overabundance of glucose indicates inadequate and irregular nutrition, hormonal disorders, a deficiency indicates diabetes mellitus.

📌Total protein:
When liver, kidney, and malnutrition deteriorate, it goes down.

📌Total bilirubin:
When hepatitis, cholelithiasis, or red blood cell destruction occurs, bilirubin rises.Blood counts that will tell you a lot about your health.

11 months ago | [YT] | 1

Medical knowledge 360°

Bone Fractures by Name

Wrist Fractures
1. Colles' Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius.

2. Barton Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius.

3. Smith Fracture: Fracture of the distal radius.

4. Hutchinson Fracture: Intra-articular fractures of the radial styloid process.


Thumb Fractures
1. Bennet Fracture: Fracture of the base of the thumb resulting from forced abduction of the first metacarpal.

2. Rolando Fracture : Intra articular comminuted fracture of base of first metacarpal.

Toddler's Fracture: Undisplaced spiral fracture of distal tibia in children under 8 years old.

Runner's Fracture: Stress fracture of distal fibula 3-8 cm above the lateral malleolus.

Boxer's Fracture: Fracture of neck of little metacarpal. Ventrally displaced fracture through the neck of 5th Metacarpal, usually occurs in boxers.

Jones Fracture: Extra-articular fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal.

Hangman's Fracture: Fracture of the "Axis" in the cervical region.

Chauffeur Fracture:
An intraarticular, oblique fracture of the styloid process of the radius.

Bullet shaped vertebrae : Seen in Achondroplasia and Congenital hypothyroidism.

Montegia Fracture-dislocation: Fracture of upper third of ulna with dislocation of head of the radius.

11 months ago | [YT] | 1

Medical knowledge 360°

⭕ *Common Respiratory Disorders Along With Their Typical Signs And Symptoms:*

*1. Asthma:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing.

*2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):*
- Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chronic cough, sputum production, wheezing.

*3. Pneumonia:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Fever, cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fatigue.

*4. Bronchitis:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Persistent cough, increased mucus production, chest discomfort.

*5. Pulmonary Embolism:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, cough (may produce bloody or discolored sputum).

*6. Interstitial Lung Disease:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Shortness of breath, persistent dry cough, fatigue.

*7. Lung Cancer:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Persistent cough, chest pain, unexplained weight loss, shortness of breath.

*8. Obstructive Sleep Apnea:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Loud snoring, episodes of breathing cessation during sleep, daytime sleepiness.

*9. Cystic Fibrosis:*
- Signs and Symptoms: Chronic cough with thick mucus, recurrent respiratory infections, difficulty gaining weight.

*10. Tuberculosis (TB):*
- Signs and Symptoms: Persistent cough, unintentional weight loss, night sweats, fatigue

11 months ago | [YT] | 3

Medical knowledge 360°

Understanding Acid-Base Disorders:
Acid-base disorders occur when the body's pH balance is disrupted, leading to either acidosis (too acidic) or alkalosis (too alkaline).
Acid-Base Imbalances:

* Metabolic Acidosis:
Characterized by a decrease in bicarbonate levels (HCO3-) and a decrease in pH. This can be caused by conditions like kidney failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, or lactic acidosis.

* Metabolic Alkalosis:
Characterized by an increase in bicarbonate levels and an increase in pH. This can be caused by conditions like excessive vomiting, diuretic use, or severe potassium deficiency.

* Respiratory Acidosis:
Characterized by an increase in carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2) and a decrease in pH. This can be caused by conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, or drug overdose.

* Respiratory Alkalosis:
Characterized by a decrease in carbon dioxide levels and an increase in pH. This can be caused by conditions like anxiety, pain, or pulmonary embolism.

Compensation Mechanisms:
The body has mechanisms to try and compensate for acid-base imbalances. For example, in metabolic acidosis, the lungs may try to compensate by increasing ventilation to blow off more CO2. In metabolic alkalosis, the kidneys may try to compensate by retaining more acid.
Identifying Acid-Base Disorders:
To identify an acid-base disorder, healthcare providers typically look at the following:

* Arterial blood gas (ABG) results: This test measures the levels of pH, PaCO2, and HCO3- in the blood.
* Clinical presentation: Symptoms like shortness of breath, confusion, or muscle weakness can provide clues to the underlying cause.
* Medical history: A history of kidney disease, lung disease, or diabetes can help identify potential causes.

Treatment:
The treatment for acid-base disorders depends on the underlying cause. For example, if the cause is kidney failure, treatment might focus on improving kidney function. If the cause is excessive vomiting, treatment might focus on replacing lost fluids and electrolytes.
If you have concerns about your acid-base balance, it is important to see a healthcare professional for evaluation and diagnosis.

1 year ago | [YT] | 3

Medical knowledge 360°

Fever + constipation +relative
bradycardia = Typhoid

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms of typhoid fever can include sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pain, headache, and loss of appetite.

Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Prevention of typhoid fever includes practicing good hygiene, consuming safe food and water, and getting vaccinated if traveling to high-risk areas.

1 year ago | [YT] | 5