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An Explosive Decompression Accident
JC:
A. J. Bjersand, M.D., and S. Eidsvik, M.D.
Four divers in a compression chamber system were suddenly
decompressed from 9 atm to | atm. One of the divers was
about to close the door between the chamber system and the
trunk when the accident happened. He was shot out through
the door and severely mutilated. The three others died on
the spot. The autopsy results are described. The most conspicuous finding was large amounts of fat in the large arteries
and veins and in the cardiac chambers, as well as intravascular
fat in the organs, especially the liver. This fat can hardly have
been embolic, but must have “dropped out” of the blood in
situ. It is suggested that the boiling of the blood denatured
the lipoprotein complexes, rendering the lipids insoluble.
Key Words: Decompression, explosive—Decompression,
accident.
From the University of Bergen, The Gade Institute, Bergen, Norway. Professor of Forensic Medicine (J.C.G.), Acting Head, The Gade
Institute, Section of Neuropathy (I.M.); Professor of Oral Pathology
(G.B.); Assisting Head, Haukeland University Hospital, Department
of Radiology (A.J.B.); Captain of the Royal Norwegian Navy, Senior
Diving Medical Officer (S.E.).
A preliminary version of this paper was given by Giertsen at the
10th Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences,
Oxford, England, 19 September 1984.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to J. Chr. Giertsen,
M.D., University of Bergen, The Gade Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, 5021 Bergen. Norway.
94
Giertsen, M.D., E. Sandstad, M.D., I. Morild, M.D., G. Bang, M.D.,
On 5 November 1983, an accident resulting in the
sudden decompression of four divers from a pressure
of 9 atm to | atm occurred on board the Norwegian
oil ng Byford Dolphin in the North Sea.
THE ACCIDENT
The situation just before this accident occurred was
as follows (Fig. 1). Compression chambers | and 2 were
connected via a trunk to a diving bell. This connection
was sealed by a clamp operated by two tenders (Dt |
and Dt 2), who themselves were experienced divers. A
third chamber was in fact connected to this system,
but was not involved. On this day, divers | (35 years
old) and 2 (38 years old) were resting in chamber 2 at
a pressure of 9 atm. The diving bell with divers 3 (29
years old) and 4 (34 years old) had just been winched
up after a dive and joined to the trunk. Leaving their
wet gear in the trunk, the divers had then crept through
the trunk into chamber |. The normal procedure would
have been to (a) close the bell door, (b) slightly increase
the bell pressure to seal this door tightly, (c) close the
door between the trunk and chamber 1, (d) depressurize
the trunk to | atm, and (e) open the clamp to separate
the bell from the chamber system.
Operations a and b had been completed and diver
4 was about to carry out operation c when, for some
inexplicable reason, one of the tenders opened the
clamp. The result was a free communication between
the chamber system with a pressure of 9 atm and the
surroundings with a pressure of | atm. A tremendous
blast shot from the chambers through the trunk, pushing the bell away and hitting the two tenders. The one
who had opened the clamp died, and the other was
severely injured. Unfortunately, the dead tender was
not sent to us for autopsy.
Figure 2 shows how diver 4 probably was about to
close the chamber door when the accident occurred.
The chamber opening was 60 cm in diameter. Unfortunately, the door jammed (Fig. 3) so firmly that it
later had to be cut loose with an acetylene burner. Diver
EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION ACCIDENT 95
CHAMBER 2 CHAMBER 1
TO LIFEBOAT
DIVING BELL
FIG. 1. Sketch of the compression system and the involved
persons’ position just before the accident occurred.
4 was shot out through the opening and completely
disintegrated. Parts of him were found scattered about
the rig. One part was even found lying on the derrick,
10 m above the chambers!
The other three divers in the chambers died on the
spot, probably instantaneously (Figs. 4-6).
POSTMORTEM EXAMINATIONS
The remains of diver 4 were sent to us in four plastic
bags (Fig. 7). All parts showed fractures and wounds.
The fractures of the long bones were of transverse as
well as short and long oblique types, the fracture lines
being more irregular than usual, with small, splintered
fragments.
The scalp with long, blond hair was present, but the
top of the skull and the brain were missing. The base
of the skull was a collection of tiny bone fragments
only. The soft tissues of the face were found, however,
completely separated from the bones (Fig. 8). The left
upper arm had been separated from the body just below
the shoulder joint. The right upper arm was torn to
pieces, but still attached to the body. Both hands had
been separated from the lower arms. The right thigh,
leg, and foot were missing, but the knee joint was found.
The left thigh had been separated from the pelvis just
FIG. 2. The probable position of diver 4 about to close the
chamber door.
FIG. 3. The approximate position of the jammed chamber
door.
below the hip joint. The pelvis itself had been divided
into three parts. To one of these parts, a small segment
of the small bowel was attached. The penis was present,
but invaginated. The soft tissues of the abdomen and
the back had been cut straight through at a level about
midway between the umbilicus and the pelvis, and thus
had been separated from the pelvis. These soft tissues
formed an empty sack. From above, one could look
down through the larynx. All the thoracic and abdominal organs had been expelled, except the trachea and
a fragment of the small bowel (Fig. 9). Even the spinal
column (Fig. 10) and most of the ribs had been expelled. The liver had been found somewhere on the
deck. It was complete, as if dissected out of the body.
The autopsy on divers 1, 2, and 3 were performed
3 days after death, and the findings were essentially the
same in all three cases. The rigor mortis was unusually
strong. The hypostases were light red, and in two cases
there were numerous petechial hemorrhages in the livores.
All the organs showed large amounts of gas in the
blood vessels, and scattered hemorrhages were found
in the soft tissues. One of the divers had a large subconjunctival bulla (Fig. 11).
The lungs were edematous (1.250 g, 1.350 g, and
1.600 g) with bandlike subpleural hemorrhages corresponding to the intercostal areas (Fig. 12) and with
a number of subpleural bullae (Fig. 13). The cut surface
showed intrapulmonary hemorrhages.
Am J Forensic Med Pathol, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1988

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N0vastar2

okay so i just woke up and i want to publish more thumbnails for my new lazily made roblox game
i publish one of the thumbnails and it gets declined by moderation
so i brush it off and say its nothing
but i try to join the game to just play it for a bit
then i get warned for publishing said declined image
but they allow every other thumbnail
why