The Heroic Khan

A Zeybek dancing in front of the bride (Gelin), in the Balıkesir region, Turkey 🇹🇷

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14 hours ago (edited) | [YT] | 9

The Heroic Khan

The Afshar tribes of Turkey 🇹🇷

Afshar (Azerbaijani: Əfşar افشار; Turkish: Avşar, Afşar; Turkmen: Owşar اوْوشار; Persian: افشار, romanized: Afshār) is a tribe of Oghuz Turkic origin that split into several groups in Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Afghanistan.

The Afshar tribe is one of the twenty-four original Oghuz tribes. The tribe was part of the Bozok wing (grey arrow) of the Oghuz Turks, alongside the Kayı, Bayat, Döğer, Begdili and other tribes.

In the 11th century, the Turkmen under the command of the Seljuk dynasty conquered most of the Middle East. Regions such as Khorasan, Jibal, Fars, Khuzestan, Iraq, Jazira, Azerbaijan, Syria and Anatolia became Seljuk territories. Among the Turkic tribes that contributed to the conquest of Anatolia were the Afshars.

There is not much information about the Afshar tribe during the first centuries of history following the Seljuk conquests. One of the earliest mentions of an Afshar lord dates back to the 12th century. A member of the Afshar tribe named Ai-Toghdï (Turkish: Ay Doğdu), also called Shumla, was the governor of Khuzestan from 1155 to 1174/5.

Some believe that the Zengid dynasty, which ruled northern Iraq, the Levant, and Egypt, come from the Afshar tribe. Unfortunately, I can no longer find any sources that confirm this. If I find proof that the Zengids are Afshar Turks, I will add the information to this text.

When the Mongols began their invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire, many Turkmen tribes left Central Asia for the Middle East. Among these Turkmen tribes were the Kayı, Bayındır, Yüreğir, Bayat, and Afshar. Nur Sufi Beg, the founder of the Karamanid dynasty, who came from the Aran River region, settled in Sivas for a few years. He was welcomed by the Seljuk Sultan of Rum, Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād I, and Nur Sufi Beg settled in Ermenek (in the present-day province of Karaman).

Some sources say that Nur Sufi was an Afshar Turk while others say that he came from the Salur tribe. In any case, Nur Sufi Beg was more of a religious man, and he gave political and military affairs to his son, Karim al-Din Karaman Beg, the true founder of the Karamanid Beylik. Under the rule of the successive Karamanid Begs, the Beylik expanded into most of central Anatolia, controlling cities such as Kayseri, Ermenek, Laranda, Mut and even Konya, the former capital of the Seljuks of Rum.

One of the members of the Karamanid dynasty, Yusuf Beg, became the ruler of the city of Alaye, either in the year 1300 upon the death of his brother Güneri Beg, or in 1308 upon the death of his other brother Mahmud Beg. The Karamanids played an important role in the history of Turkish and Muslim Anatolia, standing up to the powerful Ottoman Sultanate. The Karamanids and the Beylik of Alaye lasted until the second half of the 15th century.

The Germiyan Turks probably originated in the province of Kerman or Fars and may have moved west with the Khwarezmshahs. After the death of Jalal al-Din Manguberdi, they remained in the Malatya region. During the reign of Kaykhusraw II, Sultan of Rum, Muzaffar al-Din, a member of the Germiyan Turks, was tasked with suppressing Baba Ishak's rebellion in the Malatya region.

Some Turkmen, including the Germiyan, migrated to the borders of Anatolia under Mongol pressure. In 1277, Ala al-Din Siyavush, better known as Cimri, revolted against the Mongols, claiming the Seljuk heritage. Husam al-Din, a member of the Germiyan clan, fought Cimri and Mehmed of Karaman in western Anatolia. Although Cimri and Mehmed were eliminated, the Karamanid presence in Anatolia persisted, a sign of the region's increasing division and a symptom of the Seljuk decline.

Yakub Beg, a member of the Germiyan dynasty and serving the Seljuks, established the Germiyanid Beylik in 1300. His domain included Denizli and Karahisar in western Anatolia, according to Nicephorus Gregoras, and Tripolis on the Meander, according to George Pachymeres. According to historian Hayrullah Efendi, the Germiyanid dynasty originated from the Afshar tribe. Köprülü also consider the Germiyanids as Afshar Turks.

The Germiyanid dynasty, from their capital Kütahya, also played an important role in the Turkish history of western Anatolia, and even in the history of the Balkans, as they supported the Ottomans during the Battle of Kosovo. Mehmed Beg, a member of a branch of the Germiyanid dynasty, established his own principality in Ladik (Denizli) known as Beylik of Ladik.

In 1480, members of the Afshar tribe established the Afshar Beylik in eastern Anatolia. Shah Ismail Safavi sought support among the Turkmen tribes of Anatolia and Syria, and succeeded in gaining the backing of tribes such as the Ustajlu, Qajar, Tekkelu, Shamlu, and others. These tribes were collectively known as the "Qizilbash". The Afshar tribes of the Afshar Beylik also joined the Qizilbash confederation and migrated to Azerbaijan, then to Khorasan and Kerman.

Members of the Afshar tribe can also be found in the Balkans; these families were exiled in the 17th and 18th centuries by the Ottomans (particularly from the former lands of the Karamanids), but their number is relatively small.

For centuries, the Ottomans sought to settle the Turkmen tribes in order to better control them and collect taxes more easily. In the 18th century, the Afshar tribes of the Taurus region revolted against the Ottomans, determined to maintain their nomadic lifestyle. After bloody battles, the Afshar were defeated and forcibly settled. Some became Kurds and forgot the Turkish language, while others migrated to Cyprus to start a new life.

The Turks and the descendants of the Afshar tribes still remember those painful moments when they sing:
« Ferman padişahın, Dağlar bizimdir... »
« The decree belongs to the Sultan, the mountains belong to us... »

‪@Afshar1‬​ ‪@Arya-AfsharNezhad‬​

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3 days ago (edited) | [YT] | 19

The Heroic Khan

History of Karluks, a important Turkic people. (First Part)


The Karluks were a prominent nomadic Turkic tribal confederacy residing in the regions of Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) and the Tarbagatai Mountains west of the Altay Mountains in Central Asia.

The majority of Uzbeks and Uyghurs indeed descend from Karluk tribes, and their languages are part of the Karluk subgroup, making them linguistically and historically distinct from other Turkic peoples like Kazakhs (Kipchak) or Turkmens (Oghuz). A section of the Hazara people are considered to be descended from the Karluks.

Karluks were known as a coherent ethnic group (with autonomous status within the Göktürk khaganate and an independent one in their subsequent states of the Karluk yabghu, Karakhanids and Qarlughids) before being absorbed in the Chagatai Khanate of the Mongol Empire.


• Early history :

The first Chinese reference to the Karluks (644) labels them with a Manichaean attribute: Lion Karluks ("Shi-Geluolu", "shi" stands for Sogdian "lion"). The "lion" (Turkish: arslan) Karluks persisted up to the time of the Mongols.

In the Early Middle Ages, three member tribes of the Göktürk Khaganate formed the Uch-Karluk (Three Karluks) union; initially, the union's leader bore the title Elteber, later elevated to Yabgu. After the split of the khaganate around 600 into the Western and Eastern khaganates, the Uch-Karluks (三姓葛邏祿), along with Chuyue (處月; later as Shatuo 沙陀), Chumi (處蜜), Gusu (姑蘇), and Beishi (卑失) became subordinate to the Western Turkic Khaganate. After the Göktürks' downfall, the Karluk confederation would later incorporate other Turkic tribes like the Chigils, Tuhsi, Azkishi, Türgesh, Khalaj, Čaruk, Barsqan, as well as Iranian Sogdians and West Asian and Central Asian migrants.

In 630, Ashina Helu, the Ishbara Qaghan of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, was captured by the Chinese. His heir apparent, the "lesser Khan" Hubo, escaped to Altai with a major part of the people and 30,000 soldiers. He conquered the Karluks in the west, the Kyrgyz in the north, and took the title Yizhuchebi Khagan.

The Karluks allied with the Tiele and their leaders the Uyghurs against the Turkic Khaganate, and participated in enthroning the victorious head of the Uyghurs (Toquz Oghuz). After that, a smaller part of the Karluks joined the Uyghurs and settled in the Bogdo-Ola mountains in Mongolia, the larger part settled in the area between Altai and the eastern Tian Shan.

In 650, at the time of their submission to the Chinese, the Karluks had three tribes: Mouluo 謀落/Moula 謀剌 (*Bulaq), Chisi 熾俟 or Suofu 娑匐 (*Sebeg), and Tashili 踏實力 (*Taşlïq). On paper, the Karluk divisions received Chinese names as Chinese provinces, and their leaders received Chinese state titles. Later, the Karluks spread from the valley of the river Kerlyk along the Irtysh River in the western part of the Altai to beyond the Black Irtysh, Tarbagatai, and towards the Tian Shan.

By the year 665 the Karluk union was led by a chief known as Uch-Karluk bey (lit. 'King of the Three Karluk Tribes'). The Karluk leaders held the title Kül-Erkin as vassals of Göktürks, a rank of medium importance in the First Turkic Khaganate. The Karluk vanguard left the Altai region and at the beginning of the 8th century reached the banks of the Amu Darya.

In 742, the Uyghurs, Karluks, and Basmyls rebelled against the Second Turkic Khaganate. During the year 742, the Karluk chief were named “Saɣ Yabghu” (Right Yabghu) by Basmyl khagan Ashina Shi. Like the Basmyls, they were ruled by a branch of the Ashina tribe. In 744, the Basmyls captured the Turkic capital of Ötüken and killed the reigning Özmiş Khagan. However the reign of Basmyl was cut short. Later that year, a Uyghur-Karluk alliance formed against the Basmyls and defeated them. Their khagan was killed, and the Basmyls ceased to exist as a people. Uyghur Khagan gave the Saɣ Yabghu a new and higher title: “Sol Yabghu” (Left Yabghu). Hostilities between the Uyghurs and Karluks then forced the Karluks to migrate west into Zhetysu and conflict with the Türgesh, whom they defeated and conquered in 766.

They remained in the Chinese sphere of influence and an active participant in fighting the Muslim expansion into the area, up until their split from the Tang in 751. Chinese intervention in the affairs of Western Turkestan ceased after their defeat at the Battle of Talas in 751 by the Arab general Ziyad ibn Salih. The Arabs dislodged the Karluks from Fergana.

In 766, after they overran the Türgesh in Jetisu, the Karluk tribes formed a Khanate under the rule of a Yabghu, occupied Suyab and transferred their capital there. By that time the bulk of the tribe had left the Altai, and the supremacy in Jetisu passed to the Karluks. Their ruler with the title Yabghu is often mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions. In Pahlavi texts one of the Karluk rulers of Tocharistan was called Yabbu-Hakan (Yabghu-Khagan). The fall of the Western Turkic Kaganate left Jetisu in the possession of Turkic peoples, independent of either Arabs or Chinese.


• Peoples and Culture under the Karluk Yabgu State :

The Karluks were hunters, nomadic herdsmen, and agriculturists. They settled in the countryside and in the cities, which were centered on trading posts along the caravan roads. The Karluks inherited a vast multi-ethnic region, whose diverse population was not much different from its rulers. The region of Jetisu was populated by several tribes: the Azes (mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions) and the Tuhsi, remnants of the Türgesh; as well as the Shatuo Turks (沙陀突厥) (lit. "Sandy Slope Turks", i.e. "Desert Turks") of Western Turkic origins, and the interspersing Sogdian colonies. The southern part of Jetisu was occupied by the Yagma people, who also held Kashgar. In the north and west lived the Kangly. Chigils, who had joined and been a significant division of the Three-Karluks, then detached and resided around Issyk Kul.

The diverse population adhered to a spectrum of religious beliefs. The Karluks and the majority of the Turkic population professed Tengrianism, considered as shamanism and heathen by the Christians and Muslims. The Karluks converted to Nestorian Christianity at the end of the 8th century CE, about 15 years after they established themselves in the Jetisu region. This was the first time the Church of the East received such major sponsorship by an eastern power. Particularly, the Chigil tribe were Christians of the Nestorian denomination. The majority of the Toquz Oghuz, with their khan, were Manicheans, but there were also Christians, Buddhists, and Muslims among them.

The peaceful penetration of Muslim culture through commercial relations played a far more important role in their conversion than Muslim arms. The merchants were followed by missionaries of various creeds, including Nestorian Christians. Many Turkestan towns had Christian churches. The Turks held sacred the Qastek pass mountains, believing to be an abode of the deity. Each creed carried its script, resulting in a variety of used scripts, including Turkic runiform, Sogdian, Syriac, and later the Uygur. The Karluks had adopted and developed the Turkic literary language of Khwarazm, established in Bukhara and Samarkand, which after the Mongol conquest became known as the Chagatai language.

Of all Turkic peoples, the Karluks were most open to the influence of Muslim culture. Yaqubi reported the conversion of the Karluk-yabghu to Islam under Caliph Mahdi (775–785), and by the 10th century, several places to the east of Talas had mosques. Muslim culture had affected the general way of life of the Karluks.

During the next three centuries, the Karluk Yabgu state (later Kara-Khanid Khanate) occupied a key position on the international trade route, fighting off mostly Turkic competitors to retain their prime position. Their biggest adversaries were Kangly in the northwest and Toquz Oghuz in the southeast, with a period of Samanid raids to Jetisu in 840–894. But even in the heyday of the Karluk Yabgu state, parts of its domains were in the hands of the Toquz Oghuz, and later under Kyrgyz and Khitan control, increasing the ethnical, religious, and political diversity.

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5 days ago (edited) | [YT] | 15

The Heroic Khan

Seljuk bas-relief of two Turkic warrior. Sultanate of Rum, Konya citadel, 12th century, Turkey 🇹🇷

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1 week ago (edited) | [YT] | 16

The Heroic Khan

The Khwarazmian Empire ⚔️ (Part 1)

The Khwarazmian Empire was a Sunni Muslim empire founded by Turkic ghulams of Begdili Oghuz origins. The Khwarazmians first ruled Khwarazm in Uzbekistan, then conquered lands in Afghanistan and Iran from 1077 to 1231; first as vassals of the Seljuk Empire and the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty), and from circa 1190 as independent rulers up until the Mongol invasion in 1219–1221.


• Anushtegin Garchai :

Anushtegin Gharchai (also spelled Anush-Tegin; Persian: نوشتکین غرچه, romanized: Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī; died 1097) was a Turkic slave commander (ghulam) of the Seljuks and the governor of Khwarazm from approximately 1077 until 1097. He was the first member of his family to play a role in the history of Khwarazm, and the namesake for the dynasty that would rule the province in the 12th and early 13th centuries.

Anushtegin is a combination of the Iranian word nush/anush ("undying", "born of an undying parent") and the Turkic word tegin ("prince"), thus meaning "immortally-born prince".

Anushtegin was originally a Turkic[a] slave from Gharchistan (hence his surname "Gharchai"), but was later sold to the Seljuk officer Gumushtegin Bilge-Beg. Anushtegin first appears in records in 1073, when he and Gumushtegin Bilge-Beg were sent by the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I (r. 1072–1092) to reconquer territory in northern Khorasan seized by the Ghaznavid ruler Ibrahim (r. 1059–1099). They successfully defeated the latter and razed a Seljuk-Ghaznavid frontier place named Sakalkand. Anushtegin served as the tashtdar (keeper of the royal washing bowls) of the Seljuks, and, as the revenues from the Central Asian province of Khwarazm were used to pay for the expenses incurred by this position, he was made governor of the province, in c. 1077. Anushtegin bore the title of shihna (military governor) of Khwarazm, as well as the traditional title of Khwarazmshah.

Since the defeat of the Oghuz Yabghu leader Shah Malik in 1042, Khwarazm had been governed by representatives of the Seljuk Empire. The province would go on to play a minor role in eastern Islamic history for the next decades. The Seljuk sultans deliberately gave the governorship of Khwarazm to Turkic slave-soldiers (ghulam) rather than Seljuk princes, with the exception of Arslan Arghun, who governed the province during the reign of his brother Alp Arslan (r. 1063–1072) and early reign of Malik‑Shah I. Geographically, Khwarazm was a peninsula that bordered the Turkic steppes, and as a result was subject to their neighbours' political and linguistic influence. During this period, the local Iranian population of Khwarazm was gradually being assimilated by the Turks. However, during the Seljuk period, the Khwarazmian language (which resembled Sogdian and to a lesser extent Ossetian) was commonly spoken and written.

The details of Anushtegin's tenure as governor are unclear, but he died by 1097 and the post was briefly given to Ekinchi before being transferred to his son, Muhammad I, whose accession is considered the start of the fourth and most prominent line of the Khwarazmshahs (which existed from 1097 to 1231). This new empire would go on to become the most powerful in the eastern Islamic world until the advent of the Mongols.


• Ekinchi ibn Qochar :

Ekinchi ibn Qochar (died 1097) was the Seljuk governor of Khwarazm briefly in 1097, bearing the traditional title of Khwarazmshah. Unlike the Khwarazmshahs that succeeded him, he was not a descendant of Anushtegin Gharchai.

Following the death of Anushtegin, Ekinchi was given the position of Khwarazmshah by the Seljuk Sultan Berkyaruq. After a short period of time, however, he was killed by several Seljuk amirs who had risen in revolt. After he died, he was replaced by Anushtegin's son, Qutb al-Din Muhammad.

Ekinchi literally means "farmer" or "ploughman" in Turkic languages.


• Arslan Tigin Muhammad ibn Anushtegin :

Qutb ad-Din Muhammad (Persian: قطب الدين محمد; full name: Qutb ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Arslantegin ibn Anushtegin) was the first Shah of Khwarezm from 1097 to 1127. He was the son of Anushtegin Gharchai.

In around 1097, Qutb al-Din Muhammad was appointed governor of Khwarazm by the Seljuk Sultan Berkyaruk's military commander, Habashi ibn Altun-Taq. Habashi had just put down a revolt by two Seljuk amirs, Qodun and Yaruq-Tash, who had killed the previous governor of Khwarazm, Ekinchi, and wanted to rule the province themselves. Qutb al-Din Muhammad therefore took control of Khwarazm and stopped an attempt by Ekinchi's son, Toghril-Tegin, to seize the region.

During his lifetime, Qutb al-Din Muhammad remained loyal to the Seljuk ruler of Khurasan, Ahmad Sanjar. In 1113 or 1114 he assisted a fellow Seljuk vassal, the Karakhanid Arslan Khan, quell turmoil caused by the discontented religious classes in his realm. He also participated in Ahmad Sanjar's military campaign against the Great Seljuk Mahmud II who ruled in western Iran and Iraq, in 1119.

Qutb al-Din Muhammad died in 1127 and was succeeded by his son Atsiz.


• Qizil Arslan Atsiz ibn Muhammad :

Ala al-Din wa-l-Dawla Abu'l-Muzaffar Atsiz ibn Muhammad ibn Anushtegin (Persian: علاءالدين و الدوله ابوالمظفر اتسز بن محمد بن انوشتگین; 1098 – 1156), better known as Atsiz (اتسز) was the second Khwarazmshah from 1127 to 1156. He was the son and successor of Muhammad I.

Atsiz gained his position following his father's death in 1127 or 1128. During the early part of his reign, he focused on securing Khwarazm against nomad attacks. In 1138, he rebelled against his suzerain, the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar, but was defeated in Hazarasp and forced to flee. Sanjar installed his nephew Suleiman Shah as ruler of Khwarazm and returned to Merv. Atsiz returned, however, and Suleiman Shah was unable to hold on to the province. Atsiz then attacked Bukhara, but by 1141 he again submitted to Sanjar, who pardoned him and formally returned control of Khwarazm over to him.

The same year that Sanjar pardoned Atsiz, the Kara Khitai under Yelü Dashi defeated the Seljuks at Qatwan, near Samarkand. Atsiz took advantage of the defeat to invade Khorasan, occupying Merv and Nishapur. Yelü Dashi, however, sent a force to plunder Khwarazm, forcing Atsiz to pay an annual tribute.

In 1142, Atsiz was expelled from Khorasan by Sanjar, who invaded Khwarazm in the following year and forced Atsiz back into vassalage, although Atsiz continued to pay tribute to the Kara Khitai until his death. Sanjar undertook another expedition against Atsiz in 1147 when the latter became rebellious again.

In 1153, Sanjar was defeated and imprisoned by a group of Oghuz tribes, and Khorasan soon descended into anarchy. The portion of the Seljuk army that refused to join the Oghuz proclaimed the former ruler of the Karakhanids, Mahmud Khan, as their leader. Mahmud sought an alliance with Atsiz against the Oghuz, while Atsiz's brother Inal-Tegin had already plundered a part of Khorasan in 1154. Atsiz and his son Il-Arslan departed from Khwarazm, but before they could make any gains Sanjar escaped from his captivity and restored his rule.

Atsiz died in 1156 and was succeeded by Il-Arslan.

Atsiz was a flexible politician and ruler, and was able to maneuver between the powerful Sultan Sanjar and equally powerful Yelü Dashi. He continued the land-gathering policy initiated by his predecessors, annexing Jand and Mangyshlak to Khwarazm. Many nomadic tribes were dependent on the Khwarazmshah. Towards the end of his life, Atsiz subordinated the entire northwestern part of Central Asia, and in fact, achieved its independence from the neighbors.


The story of the Khwarazm Shah continues in the next post.

_________________________________________________

‪@Osman_beg_barlas‬​ ‪@Sonofearth-h3w‬​ ‪@OttomanEmpırePatriotTimur‬​

1 week ago (edited) | [YT] | 14

The Heroic Khan

Mina'i Lobed bowl depicting a Khwarazmian horseman and eight other men in traditional Turkic attire, early 13th century.

According to sources, Anushtegin, the founder of the Anushteginid dynasty, may have belonged to either the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz Turks or to Chigil, Khalaj, Qipchaq, Qangly, or Uyghurs.

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1 week ago (edited) | [YT] | 14

The Heroic Khan

Ibrahim Inal, one of the greatest Seljuk warlord (Part 3)

Ibrahim Inal (also spelled Ibrahim Yinal, died 1060) was a Seljuk warlord, governor and prince (melik). He was the son of Seljuk's Son Yûsuf Yinal, thus being a grandson of the Seljuk Gazi. He was also a half brother of the Sultan Tughril and Chagri Bey with whom he shared the same mother. He was the Seljuk governor of Mosul (Iraq) and Gence (Azerbaijan).In the second post, we talked about the war that the Byzantines and Seljuks waged and the Battle of Kapetron.


• Confrontation between Tughril and Ibrahim Inal

In the administrative structure of the Central Asian Turks, which was rooted in a nomadic lifestyle, the khagan, the leader of the Turks did not possess absolute authority. However, after the Seljuks established their rule over Iran and Tughril Bey became acquainted with monarchical governance, he began to view this system as aligning with his own aspirations. Consequently, he started perceiving other notables as his subordinates. Ibrahim Inal, on the other hand, had played a significant role in the Seljuk victories as the leader of Turkoman groups known as the "Inali"s and had notably contributed to the expansion of Seljuk territories westward and in campaigns into Asia Minor. He could not tolerate Tughril's unilateral decision-making and autocratic rule. Therefore, in 1050, he refused to comply with Tughril’s order granting him a province comprising Hamadan and the fortresses in the Jibal region. Simultaneously, he took harsh punitive measures against the vizier Abu Ali, who was suspected of instigating discord between them. Following this, he launched a serious military campaign against Tughril. However, he was defeated in this confrontation and retreated, leading to the areas under his control falling into Tughril’s hands. Ibrahim took refuge in the fortress of Sarmaj in the Jibal region and continued his rebellion. After a four-day siege by Tughril’s numerous troops, the fortress was captured and Ibrahim surrendered. Brought before Tughril, Ibrahim was treated mercifully. The majority of his former lands were returned to him, and he was given the freedom to either return to his iqtaʿ lands or remain in Tughril’s service. He chose the latter and continued to serve in Tughril’s army.

After 1050, Ibrahim Inal gained significant influence through the valuable services he rendered by Tughril’s side. One notable indication of this influence is the following account:

« In 1049, when Tughril laid siege to the fortress of Ibn Umar in the Jazira region, Ibrahim Inal joined him there and criticized the cautious and respectful conduct of Amid al-Mulk Kunduri. In response, Amid al-Mulk said: “You may now do as you wish, for you are the deputy of the sultan.” This statement reveals that Ibrahim Inal held a position equivalent to Tughril’s deputy at that time and had acquired considerable influence within the court. »


• Battle of Rey (1059)

In 1059, Ibrahim Inal left Mosul with the aim of moving toward the Jibal region. Tughril Beg interpreted this as an act of rebellion and demanded his return to Baghdad. The caliph also sent a letter to Ibrahim urging him to return. These appeals led Ibrahim to rejoin Tughril; there, he was welcomed cordially by Vizier Amid al-Mulk Kunduri and was presented with a ceremonial robe (khilʿa) by the caliph. After Ibrahim’s departure from Mosul, Arslan Basasiri and Quraysh ibn Badran were appointed to rule the region. During this time, owing to the celebration of Nowruz, most of Tughril’s soldiers had returned to their homelands, leaving him with only about two thousand cavalry. Upon learning of the situation, he marched toward Mosul, but Arslan and Quraysh had already vacated the city. Tughril then set off in pursuit toward Nisibin. At this point, Ibrahim refused to proceed alongside Tughril and instead set out toward Hamadan, entering the city in Ramadan of 450 AH (1059). According to sources, the Fatimids had established contact with Ibrahim during this period. Additionally, it is reported that Arslan tried to deceive him with a promise of enthronement to use him for his own objectives. Although Tughril came to Hamadan in pursuit of Ibrahim, he refrained from engaging in battle due to the latter’s large army and the support he had received from his nephews—Muhammad and Ahmad, the sons of Ardash—while Tughril’s forces remained few in number. Tughril then withdrew to Rey and wrote to his nephew Alp Arslan, as well as to Yaquti and Qavurt—the sons of Chaghri Beg—seeking assistance. They joined Tughril with a large army. Finally, in 1060, a battle took place near Rey between Tughril and Ibrahim. The battle resulted in Ibrahim’s defeat and his capture by Alp Arslan. His nephews were likewise taken prisoner. Ibrahim was handed over to Tughril Bey and, on the same day, executed by strangulation with a bowstring at Tughril’s command. His nephews were also executed alongside him.


• Aftermath

The Legacy of Ibrahim Yinal would continue to affect the world even after his death. His victory in the Battle of Kapetron was crucial in opening the gates of Anatolia for the Muslim Turks and was crucial for the Battle of Malazgrit. It is also a famous quote by Sultan AbdulHamid II that "In order for the Ottomans (Muslims) to be where they went today (conquest of Constantinople, Battle of Vienna etc.) there needed to be Malazgrit (Battle of Manzikert) and in order to be at Malazgrit, there needed to be a Pasinler (Battle of Kapetron)”

Still despite his short comings and rebellions, Ibrahim Yinal is regarded as a hero in Turkic, Seljuk, and Muslim history. He was considered (along with Alp Arslan) the best fighter in the Great Seljuk Empire of his time.

_________________________________________________

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1 week ago (edited) | [YT] | 13

The Heroic Khan

The 92 tribes of Uzbeks 🇺🇿

This list was made by Uzbeks_History_, it is not mine. Perhaps his list contains errors, as it shows the Boyovut tribe twice. Either they are two different tribes with the same name, or it's more likely the author made a mistake.

List of Uzbek tribes :

1. Mang'it
2. Barlos (Barlas)
3. Nayman
4. Jaloyir (Jalair)
5. Kenagas
6. Arg'un
7. Arlot
9. Begdili (a Oghuz tribe)
10. Ming
11. Yuz
12. Qirq
13. Saroy
14. Qo'ng'irot
15. Olchin (Alchin)
16. Qoraxitoy
17. Qipchoq (Qipchak)
18. O'n
19. Qiyot
20. Do'rmon
21. Mo'ytan
22. Uyshun
23. Mojar
24. Savron
25. Bahrin
26. Mitan
27. Boyovut
28. Totor (Tatar)
29. Uyg'ur
30. Qalmoq
31. Turk
32. Qarluq
33. Qang'li
34. Qatag'on
35. O'z
36. Avar
37. Qo'shchi
38. Batosh
39. Qovchin
40. Chimboy
41. Afshar (a Oghuz tribe)
42. Burgut
43. Sulduz
44. Bachqir (Bashkir)
45. Giroy
46. To'qsoba
47. O'g'lon
48. Chaqmoq
49. Boyovut
50. Uryuz
51. Kerayit
52. Ongut
53. Tangut
54. Jalaut
55. Merkit
56. Tobin
57. Qiniq (a Oghuz tribe)
58. Oyrat
59. Otarchi
60. Juljut
61. Bo'ston
62. Pecheneg (a Oghuz tribe)
63. Xalaj (Khalaj)
64. To'ychi
65. Tormout
66. Chuvut
67. Simirchik
68. Po'latchi
69. Arab
70. Juburgan
71. Tilov
72. Shibirg'on
73. Chilkis
74. Yobu
75. Shirin
76. Jomi
77. Chig'atoy (Chagatai)
78. Targ'il
79. Yog'rin
80. Bo'zachi
81. Yalangsoz
82. Qarlaut
83. O'ymovit
84. Tuvadaq
85. Xo'ja
86. Bo'yrak
87. Xofiz
88. Jurat
88. Buday
90. Sho'ron
91. Kilachi
92. Qutchi


Wikipedia has a different list of Uzbek tribes with names like Giray, Romdan, Tushlub, Salor, Machar, Turkman, Moghol, Qirghuz and others.


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1 week ago (edited) | [YT] | 15

The Heroic Khan

Ghaznavid-Samanid Wars 🇺🇿⚔️🇹🇯

In 994 AD, Samanid Amir Nuh II invited Ghaznavids Amir Sabuktigin to intervene in the rebellion of Fa'iq and Abu Ali Simjuri in Khorasan. Sabuktigin successful in his campaign, was rewarded with the governorship of Balkh, Tukharistan, Bamiyan, Ghor and Gharchistan and Mahmud was appointed in the charge of Khorasan in the place of Abu Ali Simjuri. Mahmud established Nishapur his headquarter.

On his death-bed Amir Sabuktigin had designated his son Ismail as his successor as the amir of Balkh and Ghazni while Mahmud, the older brother who was involved in the Samanids civil war, was stationed in Nishapur. Ismail proclaimed himself king and paid homage to Abu'l-Harith Mansur bin Nuh to strengthen his claim to the throne. Mahmud sent a letter to Ismail, offering him province of Balkh in exchange of Ghazni's lordship. Ismail rejected the proposal. Mahmud's father-in-law Abu'l Harith Farighuni, the ruler of Juzjanan tried to settle their differences in peace. Ismail suspecting their intention, rejected the suggestions. Mahmud therefore marched to Ghazna. At Herat Mahmud made another attempt at reconciliation but subsequently rejected.

Mahmud's uncle Bughrajuq, governor of Herat and Fushanj and younger brother Abu'l Muzaffar Nasr, ruler of Bust joined him at Herat. The army marched upon Ghazni. Ismail moved down from Balkh to Ghazni to protect it. Mahmud offered for the last time but Ismail rejected again viewing it as a sign of weakness. In March 998 AD, both armies met at the plains of Ghazni, Ismail's containing elephants. The battle was a long, drawn out affair, but at an opportune moment Mahmud charged Ismail's center which broke up. Ismail took refuge in the fort but realising that it would be impossible to sustain a long siege with the surrounding country in the hands of his brother, he surrendered himself when Mahmud promised to treat him kindly. Mahmud then captured his brother and took the crown.

During Mahmud's absence in Khorasan, Samanid Amir Mansur II sent Tuzan Beg (Begtuzun) to govern the province.


• War with Mansur and Abd al-Malik :

In 998 AD, Mahmud making himself as the ruler of his father's provinces, paid homage to Samanid Amir Mansur II, who confirmed his possession of the provinces of Balkh, Bust, Tirmidh, Herat except Khorasan. He sent letter to Amir Mansur demanding Khorasan but the amir refused to change his decision. Unable to secure Khorasan by negotiations Mahmud invaded Khorasan. In 999 AD, Amir Mansur was assassinated by Fa'iq and Begtuzun who suspected the amir of sympathising with Mahmud. Subsequently his younger brother Abd al-Malik II was raised to the throne. Mahmud took up the cause of the deposed monarch and advanced to Sarakhs to confront Fā'iq and Begtüzün, who fled to Marv upon his approach. He pursued them and encamped before Marv, but before any conflict ensued, a peace agreement was reached. Under its terms, Mahmud was confirmed as ruler of Herat, Balkh, and other territories, while Begtuzun retained command of the Khurasan troops.

The peace was short lived. Dara b. Qabus who had not agreed to the treaty, incited some of amir's followers to attack the rear of the Ghaznavid army, led by Nasr, Mahmud's brother and plunder it's baggage. Mahmud organised his army to battle near Marv. Nasr was put in charge of the right wing with 10,000 cavalry and 70 elephants, other officers led the left with 12,000 cavalry and 40 elephants and Mahmud in centre led 10,000 cavalry with 70 elephants. The Ghaznavid army defeated the allied forces of Abd al-Malik, Begtuzun, Fa'iq and Abu'l Qasim Simjuri. Abu'l Qasim fled to Kuhistan, while Begtuzun at Nishapur following Jurjan. He then established himself as the ruler of Khorasan. In 999, the invasion of Bukhara by Ilak Nasr Khan of Kara-Khanid Khanate put end to Samanid empire.


• War with Ismail :

Abū Ibrahim Ismā'īl al-Muntaṣir, a son of Amir Nuh, escaped from the custody of Ilak Khān and sought to restore the Samanid dynasty. He fled to Khwarazm, where he gained support from nobles loyal to Samanids. After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Bukhara, he advanced to Nishapur, defeated Nasr on 25 February 1001 AD, compelling Nasr to retreat to Herat. Mahmud arrived with reinforcement leading Isma'il to flee to Jurjan (Gorgan). In September 1001, he invaded Nishapur, prompting Nasr to evacuate and call for reinforcement. Mahmud dispatched Abu Said Altuntash. The combined Ghaznavid army defeated Isma'il forcing him to flee to Jurjan again. But within a short time he returned and took Sarakhs. Nasr defeated him and captured Abu'l Qasim Simjuri, sending him to Ghazna.

In 1003 Isma'il came back to Transoxiana, where he requested for and received assistance from the Oghuz Turks of the Zarafshan River valley. They defeated the Karakhanids in several battles, even when the Karakhanids' leader Nasr Khan was involved. For various reasons, however, Isma'il came to feel that he could not rely on the Oghuz to restore him, so he went back to Khurasan.

In 1004, Isma'il, facing constant failures he asked Sultan Mahmud for help. Mahmud dispatched Herat's governor to support him. However, he advanced to Bukhara without reinforcement, where he was defeated by Ilak Khan in June. He subsequently returned to Khorasan.

Some time afterwards, he returned to the Zarafshan valley, where he gained the support of the Oghuz and others. A Karakhanid army was defeated in May 1004, but subsequently the Oghuz deserted Isma'il during another battle, and his army fell apart.

Isma'il's activities caused disturbance in Khorasan. Sultan Mahmud dispatched an army led by Farīghūn b. Muhammad to confront him. Fleeing to Jurjan, Ismail was pursued by Nasr, Arslan Jadhib, and Tughānjuq, the governor of Sarakhs.

Ismail attempted to return to Transoxiana and seize Bukhara at the end of 1004. The Karakhanids prevented him and he was nearly killed. Following this, he sought the hospitality of an Arab tribe near Merv, finding shelter in the camp of Ibn Buhaij, an chief of Arab settlement there.

In December 1004, Ibn Buhaij, ordered by Abu 'Abdu'llah Mah-Rüy Bundar, the regional Amil, treacherously killed Isma'il. Upon hearing the news of assassination Sultan Mahmud ordered Ibn Buhaij and Abu Abdullah Mah-Rüy Bundar to be executed while the camps of the Arabs being plundered and destroyed.


• Aftermath :

The entire Khorasan region, upto Oxus river, was annexed into Ghaznavid territory. Following his victory, Mahmud received recognition of the sovereignty of the conquered territories from the Abbasid Caliph al-Qadir who bestowed upon him with the titles of “Walī Amir al-Mu'minīn” and “Yamīn al-Dawla wa Amīn al-Milla” in November 999 AD. Khutba in the name of Caliph al-Qadir was continued in Khorasan.

Khurasan severely suffered from the exactions of tax collectors, due to the sultan's threats of torture and death for those who failed him. In 1006 AD, Kara-Khanids invaded Khorasan, a fine number of dehqan and notables inclined towards the Kara-Khanid invaders. The Ghaznavid rule in Khorasan lasted for only 40 years before taken by the Seljuks following the Battle of Dandanaqan.

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2 weeks ago (edited) | [YT] | 15

The Heroic Khan

Figures in the wall paintings from the Ghaznavid palace of Lashkari Bazar in central Afghanistan, probably built by Masud I (1030-41); with a black and white line drawing of the two figures, by the discoverer Daniel Schlumberger (1978). The figures wear the typical Turkic attire.

‪@Xsayaruh‬​​ Ghaznavids are Turkic 🫵😂

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