The Heroic Khan

Teleut-Telengit Ulus 🐺

In official Russian documents of the 17th and 18th centuries, the Teleut lands were a territory in southwestern Siberia controlled by the Teleuts, a nomadic people; an early feudal union ("ulus" or "principality") of Teleut clans. Modern historians and researchers (I.S. Tengerekov, Yu. S. Khudyakov) also refer to it as the Telengit Ulus. The nomadic camps of the Teleut princes were located in the foothills of the Altai, the Kulunda steppe and the forest-steppes of the upper Ob and Tom regions. This land played the role of a kind of buffer state between the Dzungar Khanate and Russian possessions in Western Siberia until the mass migration of the Teleuts by the Oirats deep into Central Asia in the 1710s.


• State structure :

To resolve state affairs, a congress of the Teleut nobility was held, called in the modern Altai language “Kurultai” or “Çuun”. Russian documents, in particular the article lists of ambassadors, constantly emphasize that in order to give the sherti, the senior princes of the Great Ulus gathered with all their “brothers, with children and nephews,” with the best people. Sometimes these princes told the Russian ambassadors about the need to think about certain issues with all their ulus people. Thus, in 1658, when the Tomsk ambassador Dm. Vyatkin proposed that the Teleut princes Koka and Machik accept Russian citizenship, "he, Koka, did not give anything against the decree of the great sovereign that day, but said: against the decree... and against the mandate of the memory, I will give you an answer tomorrow. And about this, Koka, and Machik with their ulus people will think about it.”

The Ulus was headed by a prince bearing the title "Biy." The Teleuts who were not resettled on the Ili River retained memories of such representatives of the ruling class as Kaan, Solton, Myrza, and Biy. Sources also mention "yasauls" as subordinate assistants to the murzas and tax collectors. The princes apparently had “arrows with thunderstorms” as symbols of power and diplomatic authority, and each prince also had his own banner. In the 18th century, many princes, under the influence of the Oirats, adopted Mongolian titles: Taishi (Alt. Taaji, Taachi), Zaisan (Alt. Jayzaҥ), Demichi (Alt. Temichi), Shulengi, Arbanaki. There was also the presence of the title "Kashka", which had a controversial origin.

The princes had judges called "Jarguchi" who judged according to the norms of common law, and there were messengers called "jalchi”. The collection of alman among the subordinate tribes was carried out by the Demichi and Shulengi, called "Almanchi".

The principality was a single Ulus, which in 1630 was divided into two separate Ulus: the principality named in the works of A.P. Umansky as the "Ulus of Machikovich" (an echo of this division is the presence of the memory of the so-called "jaan Telenetov" and "kichu Telenetov"), named after the first prince Machik, and the "Ulus of Abakovich", named after the first Teleut prince Abak.

– The "Great Ulus" were headed by Telengit princes, who bore the title "Biy." They were ruled by direct descendants of the elder Teleut princes.

– The Great Ulus consisted of "small ulus" (aimaks). The small ulus were ruled by relatives of the senior princes—uncles, brothers, sons, etc. The sizes of the aimaks were small, for example, the ulus of Murza Imena Abakov numbered 50 yurts. After the subjugation of the Teleuts by the Dzungars, these uluses presumably began to be called “aimaks” and bore the names of the seoks that predominated in them. The princes who ruled the aimaks presumably bore the title of Murza.

– Small ulus were divided into even smaller units, consisting of related families. Each of these likely constituted a nomadic community. These smaller units were led by so-called "best people." These small units can be compared to the Oirat Khotons and likely consisted of 5-10 yurts.


• Political and social structure :

The political structure of the principality was as follows:

– The "princes" represent the pinnacle of the Teleuts' feudal-tribal nobility. Their noble origins and high social status distinguish them not only from the mass of ordinary Teleuts, but also from the "best". The terms that the Teleuts themselves probably attribute to them are: Biy, Taishi.

– Murzas - The Tatar term “murzas” (“best murzas”) was used in early 17th-century Russian documents to refer to Teleut nobles, probably mainly owners of small ulus.

– "The best" (Jakshilar) according to Umansky A.P., are the Teleuts, who distinguished themselves from the main mass of "Ulus" by their nobility and origin.

– The "Ulus" constituted the majority of the principality's population and were probably referred to as "Tegin Ulus" or "Kara Ulus" (i.e., simple and ordinary people).

– The "Kyshtyms" were vassal tribes and clans who paid tribute in furs, iron products, and agricultural products. They were likely required to perform military service.

In addition to the groups mentioned above, some researchers also identify representatives of the clergy – the shamans (“Kam”) – and, since the mid-18th century, the lamas (“Nama”). There were also some slaves ("Kul") among the Teleuts.


• Army :

The core of the Telengit Principality's army was its cavalry, which numbered 1,000–2,000 horsemen in the 17th and 18th centuries. They were armed primarily with composite bows, spears (pikes), broadswords, sabres, axes, maces, and other weapons.

The troops were led by biys, zaisans or murzas, as well as commanders who bore the titles “baatyr”, “kezer”, “alyp”. Ordinary warriors could probably bear the title "ok", meaning "arrow" (clan or sometimes "bow").

The Teleut princes had small squads of professional warriors-heroes known as "Baatyrs". Their numbers were probably not high and amounted to 40 or more warriors.

In the 17th-18th centuries, the Teleut princes showed interest in firearms and received them mainly from Central Asian, Kashgar, Oirat and Russian merchants. In the 18th century, the people of Altai began to produce their own firearms and even trade them.

During the assault on the fortresses, the Telengits entered the battle "behind shields". In the event of an enemy invasion, the Teleuts erected small fortresses (cities) and strongholds in stone and wood called "Shibee" and "Tura", the remains of which are still visible today, while of some only toponyms remain: "Shibeelik", "Shibelÿ-Tuu", "Shibelei", "Murza-Tura", "Teles-Tura", and others.

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7 hours ago (edited) | [YT] | 7

The Heroic Khan

Turkmen and Turkish comparison - Oghuz languages 🇹🇲🇹🇷

This post compares the official dialects of Turkmenistan and Turkey. Often the words are even in the official dialects, but sometimes this is not the case. However, it is possible to find similarities between Turkmen and Turkish in regional dialects. For example, in standard Turkmen, the word for forest is "tokaý", which is different from standard Turkish "orman". But in Turkmen dialects (I don't remember which one), the word for forest is "ormon". In Turkmen, words are often pronounced with a G sound, for example : gara (black), gyz (girl), goýun (sheep) and others. In standard Turkish dialect, the word is pronounced with a K sound : kara, kız, koyun. But in Anatolian Turkish dialects, the word is pronounced with a G sound, just like in Turkmen : gara, gız, goyun.


Turkish, Azerbaijani and Turkmen comparison :
youtube.com/post/UgkxZ28jZhlDW45Xy8HT65_vq3cm-nCwE…

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1 day ago (edited) | [YT] | 17

The Heroic Khan

Ancient Turkish tombstones in Denizli(1) and Elazığ(2) and an Göktürk Balbal(3)

Braids are an important element of Turkic peoples' cultures.

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2 days ago (edited) | [YT] | 15

The Heroic Khan

Abdullah Khan Ustajlu, a Qizilbash commander, Beylerbey of Shirvan, and nephew of Shah Ismail I Safavi.

Painting 🖼 : "Anthony Jenkinson, English diplomat, agent of the Muscovy Company at the reception of Abdulla Khan Ustajlu (1562-1563)" by Ogtay Sadigzade. It is kept in the Azerbaijan History Museum.


• Life :

Abdullah Khan Qara Khan oglu Ustajlu was born in Diyarbakir. He is from the Tamishli branch of the Ustajlu tribe. Information about him can be found in the work titled "Tarikh-i Qizilbashan", written by an anonymous author. Abdullah Khan was the son of Qara Khan Ustajlu and his wife, the sister of Shah Ismail I (r. 1501-1524), and was therefore the nephew of Shah Ismail. He himself married a Safavid princess, daughter of Ismail I, named Pari Khan Khanum.

After the death of Shah Ismail I, Div Sultan, the tutor of Shah Tahmasp I, a member of the Rumlu tribe, took control of state affairs. At this time, Abdullah Khan and Sultan Köpek, two prominent emirs of the Ustajlu tribe, did not want to allow his power to grow. The Ustajlu were defeated in the battles of Saksanjik and Kharzavil in 932 AH (1525). In the Battle of Kharzavil, Abdullah Khan Ustajlu led the army together with the ruler of Kirman, Ahmad Sufi oglu Ustajlu.

In 1527, the Uzbek khan Ubeydulla Khan led an army into the Safavid empire. Shah Tahmasp I assembled an army and confronted him. Abdullah Khan, from the Ustajlu tribe, arrived at the scene of the confrontation with 200 elite bahadurs. Among those gathered, the Ustajlu tribe held the first place with 17,000 horsemen, and the Afshar tribe held the second place with 16,000 horsemen. The Uzbeks were defeated and forced to retreat.

Abdullah Khan Ustajlu held a more prominent political position than all the other emirs of the Shah. After the death of Chukha Sultan, Shah Tahmasp appointed Huseyn Khan Shamlu and Abdullah Khan Ustajlu as Amir-al umara in 937 AH (1531) to maintain balance among the Qizilbash.

The military force sent by Shah Tahmasp against Sheikh Kür, the ruler of the Baban region, in 1540–1541 was defeated and returned. Sharaf Khan Bitlisi writes in his work "Sharafname" that at this time the shah decided to send new troops for the third time in 1542. One of the Qizilbash emirs who led this army was Abdullah Khan Ustajlu. The battles that ensued resulted in defeat for the Qizilbash.


• Governor of the province of Shirvan :

In 1548–1549, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent moved towards Tabriz. At this time, Shah Tahmasib, who was waiting at a place called Shanbi-Gazan in Tabriz, sent the vanguard of his army to Marand to fight against the Ottomans. Abdullah Khan was also with this army. The Ottoman troops clashed with the advancing Qizilbash units led by Abdullah Khan Ustajlu, Shahverdi Sultan Ziyadoglu, and Ali Sultan Tekkelu. The Qizilbash were forced to retreat to the shah's headquarters in Eşkembar under pressure from superior Ottoman forces.

After the return of Sultan Suleiman and the capture of Alqas Mirza, Shah Tahmasp restored Safavid power in Shirvan. After the Ottoman troops left the southern part of Azerbaijan, the Shah appointed Abdullah Khan, the leader of the Ustajlu tribe, as the ruler of Shirvan and tasked him with neutralizing the Shirvan rebels. The appointment of Abdullah Khan Ustajlu as the beylerbey of Shirvan was also largely due to the centrifugal tendencies that could occur here. Fazli Isfahani writes that Sultan Burhan, a descendant of the Shirvanshahs, came to Shirvan and fought with the troops of Qizilbash to restore the Shirvanshah dynasty and power, but was defeated. Seeing this situation, Shah Tahmasp appointed his cousin Abdullah Khan Ustajlu as the governor of Shirvan in 956 AH (1549).

In 956 AH (1549), Abdullah Khan crossed the Kur near Javad and camped at a place called Ali Shaban. The rebels were stationed in the Bugurd Valley. Since they had large forces, the Qizilbash did not dare to launch an attack. However, in the meantime, the leader of the rebels, Burhan, died, and the rebels appointed one of his relatives, the young Mehrab, as their leader. Abdullah Khan attacked the rebels and defeated them. Mehrab fled with many supporters. The people of Shirvan again opposed the Shah's rule and nominated Mehrab's relative, a man named Qurban Ali, as a candidate for the throne of Shirvanshah. They fortified themselves on one of the islands in the Caspian Sea. Although Abdullah Khan offered peace to the rebels, they rejected the peace offer. In the battle that took place in Narice at the end of 1549, Qurban Ali and the rebels were defeated.

Hasan Bey Rumlu explains this event as follows: When Abdullah Khan arrived in Shirvan, Burhan was dead. The rebels had hidden his body. On Abdullah Khan's orders, Burhan's body was discovered and he was beheaded. The rebels, who had taken refuge on an island in the Caspian Sea out of fear, were driven back into the sea and perished because they had refused Abdullah Khan's offer of peace. Abdullah Khan relocated part of his Ustajli tribe to Shirvan and consolidated his power.


• Role in ending Sheki's independence :

In 958 AH (1551), Shah Tahmasp I decided to put an end to the independence of Sheki. Shah Tahmasib launched a campaign against Sheki in 1551 in response to the rebellious behavior of the Sheki ruler, Dervish Muhammad Khan. At this time, the Georgians, who hated Dervish Muhammad Khan, also came to Tahmasp I and expressed their obedience. Hearing the news of the arrival of the Safavid army, Dervish Khan took refuge in the Gelesen-Göresen fortress. The other nobles were in the Kish fortress. Sevindik Bey the Qurchi-bashi, Badr Khan, and Shahqulu Sultan Ustajlu were sent to the Kish fortress. Abdullah Khan Ustajlu and the Kakhetian King Levan were tasked with capturing the "Gelesen-Göresen" fortress. Seeing that he was in a hopeless situation, Dervish Muhammad Khan left the "Gelesen - Göresen" fortress at night and, with his four hundred-man detachment, attempted to break through the line of the Qizilbashs who were besieging the fortress. However, the troops of Abdullah Khan and King Levan caught the refugees and put them to the sword.


• Qasim Shirvani's rebellion :

In 1553, when Suleiman I undertook his third campaign in Azerbaijan, he sent Prince Qasim Mirza Shirvani of the Shirvanshah dynasty, with some soldiers to Shirvan, with the aim of restoring the Shirvanshah kingdom. He crossed Derbent and entered the Shirvan province. Here, some of the Shirvan people joined his army. Since Abdullah Khan had sent a large part of his army to Nakhchivan, the forces at his disposal were quite small. Despite this, he attacked the rebels with the help of the emirs of Shirvan Ibrahim bey Shamlu and Aliqulu bey Qajar. The Qizilbashs were unsuccessful in the first battle and returned to Shamakhi. Later, in the battle between the rebels and Abdullah Khan under the Gulustan fortress, the Qizilbashs were victorious. About 5,000 rebels were killed on the battlefield. The survivors fled to Tabasaran. With this victory, Abdullah Khan's rule in Shirvan was strengthened.

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3 days ago (edited) | [YT] | 15

The Heroic Khan

Family tree of the Timurid dynasty 🇺🇿

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5 days ago (edited) | [YT] | 13

The Heroic Khan

The Beylik of Sinop - Pervâneoğulları

The Beylik of Sinop, ruled by the Pervanids or Pervaneoğulları, was an Anatolian beylik with its capital in Sinop that existed from 1277 to 1322.


• Foundation of the beylik :

Sinop, an important seaport for trade belonging to the Empire of Trebizond, was conquered by the Seljuk Sultan Izzeddin I Kaykaus in 1214. In 1259 the city was recaptured by the Emperor of Trebizond Manuel I. Atabeg and vizier of Sultan Kılıç Arslan IV, Münneddin Suleiman Pervane, besieged Sinop and captured it after a year of siege in 1265 (although Ibn Bibi wrote that the siege lasted two years, he exaggerated).

Mu'in al-Din (Münneddin) Suleiman was the son of Muhadhdhab al-Din Ali al-Daylami, an Iranian from Kashan, who served as the vizier to the Seljuq Sultan Kaykhusraw II.

The conquest of Sinop led to a deterioration in relations between Sultan Kilij Arslan IV and Suleiman Pervane. The Sultan accused the vizier of using the state army for his own personal gain. As a result of this incident, Suleiman Pervane denounced the Sultan to the Mongols and had him executed. He then obtained the surrender of Sinop and its surroundings in the form of an iqta. As Muineddin Suleiman was supposed to be in Konya, he sent his son, Mehmed, to Sinop.

In 1276/77, Pervane secretly negotiated with the Mamluk Sultan Baybars, who attacked Elbistan and Konya. For some reason, Baybars withdrew from Kayseri with his troops, taking Pervane's son, Ali, captive. Perhaps Baybars fell ill, as he died in the summer. Following this betrayal, the enraged Abaqa Khan executed Pervane.


• The reign of Mehmed :

After the execution of his father, Mehmed separated from the Seljuk state, and the Mongols did not attack him. During the turmoil that shook the Ilkhanid state and the struggle between Ghazan Khan and Baydu Khan in 1295, Mehmed took refuge in Kastamonu. Many veterans who had served under Suleiman Pervane joined his service. He gained strength and acquired great power. Aksarayi (d. 1332/33) wrote that Mehmed fell under the influence of "malicious people" around him and began to levy heavy taxes on his lands. Mehmed then sacked Çankırı and Konya. Mustevfi Asılüddin and Tughraci Muzafferuddin tried to reason with him, but Mehmed did not listen to them. After appointing a governor in Konya, he marched towards Kastamonu, pillaging Seferihisar along the way. Mehmed Bey eventually died in Konya in 1296.


• The reign of Mas'ud :

He was succeeded by Mas'ud. According to Bedreddin al-Aini, Muhezzebuddin Mas'ud was not the son of Mehmed, but of Muhezzebuddin Ali, Mehmed's brother. Mühezzebuddin Ali, named after Pervane's father, a Seljuk vizier, also served the Seljuks. He was the tutor of Kay Khusrow and naib of Kayseri, and fell into the hands of the Mamluks in 1277. According to Ayni, Suleiman Pervane, realizing that he would be executed, sent a bag of precious stones to the famous Sufi Fakhreddin-i Iraqi to ransom his son Muhezzebuddin Ali, who was being held captive by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars. After the execution of Pervane, Fakhreddin fled to Sinop, and from there he reached Egypt, handed over the stones to the Sultan, and Pervane's son Ali was saved.

Mas'ud expanded the emirate's borders, seizing Bafra and Samsun. In 1298, Genoese ships entered the port of Sinop. Disguising themselves as merchant vessels, they lured the sailors ashore to make purchases, but it was a trap. A thousand Genoese soldiers suddenly captured Mas'ud and took him away by ship. According to Aksaray, Mas'ud paid a ransom of 900,000 dirhams. To consolidate his power, Mas'ud married the daughter of Muji ud-Din Emirshah (a high-ranking Ilkhanid official) and established friendly relations with the Mongol administration. Mas'ud died in 1300 in Sinop. His son, Gazi Çelebi (Zalabi in Genoese sources), succeeded him.


• The reign of Gazi Çelebi :

In 1300 Mas'ud died and Gazi Çelebi became the emir of Sinop. He expelled from his possessions the Genoese, who had settled in Sinope and formed a colony, and also attacked some other Genoese colonies. Thus, Celebi avenged his father.

Gazi Çelebi made an agreement with the Emperor of Trebizond Alexios II and defeated the Genoese fleet at Kaffa in 1313. In Crimea, after this raid, the Genoese suffered damage estimated at 250 thousand Komnenian aspers. At the beginning of 1313, Celebi had at least 8 galleys (S. Karpov wrote about 9 galleys). This was significantly superior to the fleets of other contemporary Anatolian Turkmen beys. For example, Umur of Smyrna, famous for his naval raids, built his first galley 20 years later. In 1314, Gazi Çelebi repeated his raid on Crimea, but this time he was less successful, suffering losses, but nevertheless captured four Genoese ships and damaged trade in Kaffa. In 1315, Gazi Çelebi expelled the Greek bishop from Sinop, which may indicate a deterioration in relations with Trebizond. Sinop's relations with the Genoese became particularly complicated after 1317. In 1319, Çelebi became angry that the Venetians had entered into an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II and the Emperor of Trebizond Alexios II. He attacked Trebizond and set the city on fire. In 1322, Gazi Çelebi repelled a Genoese attack on Sinop and captured the captain of the Genoese fleet. Wanting to disrupt the Venetian agreements with Trebizond, in the winter of 1321-1322 he captured Romano Morosini, the captain of a Venetian galley returning from Trebizond.

Çelebi had no son. According to al-Umari, in the last years of his life he decided to recognize the sovereignty of a neighboring ruler, Suleiman Candar, in order to ensure the security of the lands. While hunting, Gazi Celebi hit his head on a tree and died. After the death of the bey, Sinop was ruled for some time by his daughter, the Sinop region was then known as Hatun-ili, and then the city was annexed to the beylik of the Jandarids. Suleiman appointed his son, Ibrahim, to govern Sinop. In the 15th century, Yazıcızade wrote that one of the Sinop sipahis drowned Çelebi's daughter in order to capture the city, and then Ibrahim invaded Sinop.

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6 days ago (edited) | [YT] | 10

The Heroic Khan

Hain Ahmed Pasha, the Ottoman statesman who revolted against Suleiman the Magnificent and declared himself Sultan of Egypt ⚔️

Picture: An Arab sheikh shows Mehmed Bey (on horseback) the severed head of Ahmed Pasha: Süleymannâme (1558).

Hain Ahmed Pasha (d. 1524) was a statesman, pasha, and beylerbey of the Ottoman Empire. He served as beylerbey of Rumelia and beylerbey of Egypt during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. He rebelled against the central authority in Egypt, declared himself sultan, minted coins, gave sermons, and used the name El-Melik'ül Mansur Sultan Ahmed. He was captured and executed by Kadızade Mehmed Bey in 1524.

He was of Georgian origin. He completed his education at the Enderun. He served as a Janissary agha. He participated in Selim I's Egyptian Campaign in 1516-1517 as second imrahor. In 1521, he participated in Suleiman the Magnificent's Belgrade campaign and proved useful during the conquest of the city. Immediately after this campaign, he became the Beylerbey of Rumelia. At the same time, he became a member of the council as third vizier. As third vizier, he participated in the Rhodes Campaign in 1522. He assumed command of this expedition. He led the landing and siege operations on the island. He negotiated the terms of the island's surrender with the commander of the Knights of St. John.

Upon returning from the campaign, he became embroiled in palace intrigues. He was instrumental in the dismissal and retirement of Grand Vizier Piri Mehmed Pasha in 1522. According to the hierarchical order, Ahmed Pasha was expected to become Grand Vizier. However, the sultan of the time, Suleiman the Magnificent, contrary to custom, appointed his close friend Pargalı İbrahim Pasha as the Grand Vizier. Following this appointment, which was against customs, Ahmed Pasha requested to be appointed as the Governor of Egypt, and his request was accepted and he was appointed as the governor of the province of Egypt.

Egypt had been in a state of discontent since the death of the provincial governor, Hayır Bey, in 1522. Ahmet Pasha restored order and security in Egypt by conciliating with the Mamluk emirs and Bedouin chiefs. However, under the influence of his new grand vizier, Pargalı İbrahim Pasha, Suleiman the Magnificent appointed Kara Musa Pasha governor of Egypt. Rumors that the deposed Ahmed Pasha would be executed began circulating in Istanbul, and these rumors quickly reached Egypt. In January 1524, Ahmed Pasha rebelled, declaring Egypt independent of the Ottoman Empire and himself Sultan of Egypt with the title "al-Malik Mansur." He minted coins and had sermons (hutbe) recited in his name. He captured the Cairo Citadel, which was held by the Janissaries. As the independent Sultan of Egypt, he established relations with Christian powers.

In 1524, the Ottoman Empire dispatched an army under the command of Ayas Pasha to Egypt. Furthermore, attempts were made to establish secret contact with Ahmed Pasha's entourage and soldiers in Egypt and to mobilize them against him. Finally, Kadızade Mehmed Bey of Trabzon, who was in the retinue of Ahmet Pasha, loyal to the Ottoman state and honored with the title of vizier of the Ottoman state, tried to capture and kill Ahmet Pasha while he was in the bathhouse. Ahmet Pasha, wounded, escaped the raid. However, the chieftain of the Beni Bekr tribe, to whom he had sought refuge, handed him over to Kadızade Mehmet Bey. Ahmet Pasha was beheaded and executed.

Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha came to Egypt to suppress the rebellion and renew the Egyptian provincial administration.

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2 weeks ago (edited) | [YT] | 12

The Heroic Khan

The birth of Common Turkic languages (Z-shift)

Common Turkic, or Shaz Turkic, is a taxon in some classifications of the Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages which had diverged earlier.

Common Turkic subgroup :

- Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz)
- Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak)
- Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk)
- Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian)
- Arghu (Khalaj)

In that classification scheme, Common Turkic is opposed to the Oghuric languages (Lir-Turkic). The Common Turkic languages are characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic š versus Oghuric l and Common Turkic z versus Oghuric r.

The Common Turkic language group consists of languages ​​such as Kazakh, Turkish, Crimean Tatar, Uzbek, Khakas, Yakut, Khalaj, Turkmen, Nogai, Altai, Kumyk and others.

In Proto-Turkic, many words end in R but in Common Turkic languages ​​end in Z. This is due to an evolution that took place in Turkic languages ​​called the Z-shift. Many words that end in R in Proto-Turkic end in Z in Common Turkic languages, while in Oghur languages ​​the R was preserved.

In posts 1, 2, and 3, words in Proto-Turkic are shown. The first word is in the upper left, and the second is in the upper right, derived from the first. Arrows show the evolution of words in a Turkic language. The word in the bottom left evolves by changing the R and replacing it with a Z, while the word in the bottom right retains the original R.

In posts 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, comparisons were made showing the evolution of words from Proto-Turkic and its descendants. On the right are words in Common Turkic (Kumyk, Azerbaijani, Tatar, and others), and on the left are words in Oghur languages ​​such as Chuvash and Volga Bulgarian, as well as Oghur words that have entered Hungarian.

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2 weeks ago (edited) | [YT] | 15

The Heroic Khan

DNA result of a Turk of the region of Uşak 🇹🇷


Middle Ages ancestry :

60.2% Byzantine Anatolia (AD 500-1100)
30.4% Turkic (AD 650-1200)
9.4% Kartvelian


Migration Period ancestry :

51.6% Roman Anatolia (100 BC-AD 700)
24.0% Khwarazm ans Transoxiana (100 BC-AD 950)
11.6% Rouran Khaganate (AD 330-550)
6.2% Lazica
4.6% Sarmatian (AD 50-450)
2.0% Hunnic (AD 300-450)


Iron Age ancestry :

45.8% Anatolian (780-30 BC)
20.0% Mannaean (1030-800 BC)
13.0% Xiongnu (150-1 BC)
11.0% Yaz Culture (910-800 BC)
10.2% Saka (540-50 BC)


Bronze Age ancestry :

42.6% Bronze Age Anatolian (3400-1500 BC)
19.2% Central Steppe (2100-1800 BC)
13.8% Eastern Steppe (1350-900 BC)
9.8% Bactria-Marigiana Archeaological Complex (2000-1600 BC)
Bronze Age Caucasian (3700-1700)
5.6% Canaanite (1800-1100 BC)
0.2% Yellow River (2300-1900 BC)


DNA results of a Turk of Afyonkarahisar :
youtube.com/post/Ugkx9FAnlLUh68LulaFaMhtv7pX5hj86F…

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2 weeks ago (edited) | [YT] | 17

The Heroic Khan

List of Turkic Ghulams who served the Abbasid Caliphate (incomplete list)

• Aytākh or Ītākh al-Khazarī (Arabic: إيتاخ الخزري) was a leading commander in the Turkic army of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim. Itakh died in the year 849.

• Abu Ja'far Ashinas (Arabic: أبو جعفر أشناس; died 17 or 19 December 844) was a general of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim. One of the earliest and most prominent members of al-Mu'tasim's Turkic guard, he rose to become one of the leading figures of the empire under al-Mu'tasim, serving as a commander in the Amorium campaign, and playing a leading role in the purge of the old Abbasid elites that followed. He was also governor of Egypt from 834, as well as of the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia from 838 on, although in practice he appointed deputies to govern in his stead. Under al-Mu'tasim's successor al-Wathiq, his powers were extended further into a virtual viceroyalty over all western provinces of the caliphate.

• Yazid ibn Abdallah ibn Dinar al-Hulwani (also called al-Turki) (Arabic: يزيد بن عبد الله التركي) was the military governor (wālī al-jaysh) of Egypt for the Abbasid Caliphate from 856 to 867.

• Bugha al-Kabir (Arabic: بُغا الكبير, lit. 'Bugha the Greater/Elder') also known as Bugha al-Turki (Arabic: بُغا التركي, lit. 'Bugha the Turk'), was a 9th-century Khazar general who served the Abbasid Caliphate. He died in the year 862.

• Musa ibn Bugha al-Kabir (died 877) was an Abbasid military leader of Turkic origin. He was the son of Bugha al-Kabir.

• Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Bugha, simply known as Muhammad ibn Bugha, was a ninth-century military officer in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate. Muhammad was the son of Bugha al-Kabir and the brother of Musa ibn Bugha al-Kabir.

• Muflih al-Turki (died April 2, 872) was a Turkish military officer of the Abbasid Caliphate in the mid-9th century. He played a prominent role in the events known as the Anarchy at Samarra and was later killed in battle against the Zanj rebels of southern Iraq.

• Wasif al-Turki (died October 29, 867) was a Turkic general in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate. He played a central role in the events that followed the assassination of al-Mutawakkil in 861, known as the Anarchy at Samarra. During this period he and his ally Bugha al-Sharabi were often in effective control of affairs in the capital, and were responsible for the downfall of several caliphs and rival officials. After Wasif was killed in 867, his position was inherited by his son Salih.

• Salih ibn Wasif (died c. 29 January 870), son of Wasif al-Turki. Salih was a Turkic officer in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate. The son of Wasif, a central figure during the Anarchy at Samarra, Salih briefly seized power in the capital Samarra and deposed the caliph al-Mu'tazz in 869, but he was later defeated by the general Musa ibn Bugha and killed in the following year.

• Amajur al-Turki (Arabic: أماجور التركي) (also known as Majur, Anajur and Majura) was a Turkic military officer for the Abbasid Caliphate. He served as the governor of Damascus during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, from 870 until his death in ca. 878.

• Bugha al-Sharabi ("Bugha the Cupbearer"), also known as Bugha al-Saghir ("Bugha the Younger”) to distinguish him from his unrelated contemporary Bugha the Elder, was a senior Turkic military leader in the mid-9th century Abbasid Caliphate. He died in the year 868.

• Abu Musa Utamish (died 863) was a Turkic military officer of the Abbasid Caliphate. He played an important role in the first years of the period known as the Anarchy at Samarra, during which he rapidly became one of the most powerful officials in the government. He was appointed as vizier upon the caliph al-Musta'in's ascension in 862, but was assassinated after approximately a year in office.

• Azjur al-Turki or Arkhuz ibn Ulugh Tarkhan al-Turki, was a Turkic military officer in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate. He was briefly the governor of Egypt in 868, and was the last individual to hold that office prior to the Tulunid takeover of Egypt that same year.

• Muzahim ibn Khaqan (died 868), brother of al-Fath ibn Khaqan He was an Abbasid Turkic military commander in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate. He was appointed governor of Egypt in 867, and held that position until his death in the following year.

• Al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān (c. 817/8 – 11 December 861) was an Abbasid official and one of the most prominent figures of the court of the Caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861). He was the brother of Muzahim ibn Khaqan.

• Ahmad ibn Muzahim ibn Khaqan (Arabic: أحمد بن مزاحم بن خاقان) was the military governor (wālī al-jaysh) of Egypt for the Abbasid dynasty for a part of 868. He was the son of Muzahim ibn Khaqan.

• Urkhuz ibn Ulugh Tarkhan or ibn Yulugh, he was a Turkish general of the Abbasid Caliphate and governor of Tarsus and of the borderlands with the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia (al-thughur al-Shamiya) in the years 873/4–878.

• Ṭughj ibn Juff ibn Yiltakīn ibn Fūrān ibn Fūrī ibn Khāqān (died 906) was a Turkic military officer who served the Abbasid Caliphate and the autonomous Tulunids. He was the father of Muhammad al-Ikhshid, the founder of the Ikhshidid dynasty.

• Ahmad ibn Tulun, the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria between 868 and 905. Originally a Turkic slave-soldier, in 868 Ibn Tulun was sent to Egypt as governor by the Abbasid caliph.

• Takin al-Khazari (Full name : Takin al-Khassa Abu Mansur Takin ibn Abdallah al-Harbi al-Khazari)(Arabic: تكين الخزري; died 16 March 933) was an Abbasid commander of Khazar origin who served thrice as governor of Egypt.

• Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (Arabic: أحمد بن كيغلغ) was an Abbasid military officer of Turkic origin who served as governor in Syria and Egypt. He was ousted as governor of Egypt by Muhammad ibn Tughj in 935.

• Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ra'iq (died 13 February 942), usually simply known as Ibn Ra'iq, was a senior official of the Abbasid Caliphate, who exploited the caliphal government's weakness to become the first amir al-umara ("commander of commanders", generalissimo and de facto regent) of the Caliphate in 936. Muhammad ibn Ra'iq's father was of Khazar origin and served as a military officer under Caliph al-Mu'tadid (r. 892–902).

• Bajkam or Abū al-Husayn Bajkam al-Mākānī (Arabic: أبو الحسين بجكم المكاني), referred to as Bajkam, Badjkam or Bachkam (from Bäčkäm, a Persian and Turkish word meaning a horse- or yak-tail), was a Turkish military commander and official of the Abbasid Caliphate. A former ghulam of the Ziyarid dynasty, Bajkam entered Abbasid service following the assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij in 935.

• Tuzun (amir al-umara), Abu'l-Wafa Tuzun, commonly known as Tuzun (Arabic: توزون‎), was a Turkish soldier who served first the Iranian ruler Mardavij ibn Ziyar and subsequently the Abbasid Caliphate. Rising to a position of leadership in the Abbasid army, he evicted the Hamdanid Nasir al-Dawla from Baghdad and assumed the position of amir al-umara in 943, becoming the Caliphate's de facto ruler.

• Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid (8 February 882 – 24 July 946), was an Abbasid commander and governor who became the autonomous ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria (Levant) from 935 until his death in 946. He was the founder of the Ikhshidid dynasty, which ruled the region until the Fatimid conquest of 969.

• Isḥāq ibn Kundāj al-Khazarī (Arabic: إسحاق بن كنداج الخزري) or Kundājīq, was a Turkic military leader who played a prominent role in the turbulent politics of the Abbasid Caliphate in the late 9th century. Initially active in lower Iraq in the early 870s, he came to be appointed governor of Mosul in the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia, in modern northern Iraq) in 879/80. He ruled Mosul and much of the Jazira almost continuously until his death in 891, despite becoming involved in constant quarrels with local chieftains, as well as in the Abbasid government's rivalry with the Tulunids of Egypt. On his death he was succeeded by his son, Muhammad, but in 892 the Abbasid government under Caliph al-Mu'tadid re-asserted its authority in the region, and Muhammad went to serve in the caliphal court.

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2 weeks ago (edited) | [YT] | 13