📍 Vikram Samvat ✅ Started in 57 BC (zero year: 57 BC) ✅ Attributed to King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (victory over Sakas) ✅ Lunar calendar – 354 days, 12 months ✅ Used across most of India (except Bengal) ✅ Two phases each month: Shuklapaksha & Krishnapaksha
📍 Saka Samvat ✅ Initiated by King Shalivahan ✅ Zero year: 78 AD ✅ Lunisolar calendar (solar year + lunar months) ✅ Official National Calendar of India (since 1957) ✅ Begins on 22 March (21 March in leap years) ✅ 365 days per year
📍 Hijri (Islamic) Calendar ✅ Zero year: 622 AD (Hijrat) ✅ Purely lunar calendar – 354 days ✅ Used in Islamic countries ✅ Months move across seasons (no solar adjustment) ✅ Sacred months: 1st, 7th, 11th & 12th ✅ Ramadan (9th month), Hajj in Dhu al-Hijjah
📍 Gregorian Calendar ✅ Solar calendar based on birth of Jesus Christ ✅ 365 days (+ leap year adjustment) ✅ Civil calendar used worldwide ✅ Leap year: 1 extra day in February every 4 years
📍 Zoroastrian (Parsi) Calendar ✅ Era begins 632 AD ✅ Parsis in India follow Shahenshahi Calendar ✅ Nowruz falls around 20–22 March (Vernal Equinox)
📍 National Calendar of India ✅ Based on Saka Samvat ✅ Adopted in 1957 by Calendar Reforms Committee ✅ Used in AIR news, Govt. documents & official calendars ✅ Introduced to harmonise multiple calendars in India
✍️ On 9 July 2025, scientists recorded that Earth completed its rotation faster than ever before, with the day being shorter by about 1.5 milliseconds. ✍️ This phenomenon is linked to complex factors, including glacial rebound, seismic activity, core-mantle interactions, and climate-driven mass redistribution. ✍️ A faster spin impacts global timekeeping, possibly forcing adjustments in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through the introduction of negative leap seconds. ✍️ Such shifts have implications for GPS navigation, satellites, and global communications systems that rely on ultra-precise time synchronisation. ✍️ Researchers stress that while variations in Earth’s rotation are not new, the acceleration trend could reshape future chronometry standards and challenge existing astronomical models.
National Mathematics Day is celebrated in India every year on 22 December to mark the birth anniversary of the great Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan and to promote awareness about the importance of mathematics in education and scientific progress.
🔆 Regional Architecture in India (Medieval Period)
📍 Bengal ✅ Period: 1352–1576 ✅ Blend of Turkish + local styles ✅ Extensive use of brick & mortar (abundant clay) ✅ Sloping, curvilinear roofs & single domes ✅ Terracotta ornamentation as hallmark ✅ Example: Adina Mosque
📍 Gujarat ✅ Fusion of Indo-Islamic & Maru-Gurjara styles ✅ Intricate stone carvings, decorative pillars ✅ Extensive use of jalis for light & ventilation ✅ Integration of stepwells & Jain temple aesthetics ✅ Examples: Jama Masjid, Sidi Saiyyed Mosque
📍 Malwa ✅ Massive structures on high plinths ✅ Use of sandstone ✅ Influence of Timurid architecture ✅ Glazed & coloured tiles ✅ Examples: Hoshang Shah’s Tomb, Jahaz Mahal, Hindola Mahal
📍 Deccan States ✅ Known for monumentality & innovative domes ✅ Strong Persian influence ✅ Flourishing military architecture ✅ Rich ornate carvings ✅ Examples: Gol Gumbaz, Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, Golconda Fort, Bijapur Fort, Ibrahim Rauza
UPSC AND BEYOND
UPSC AND BEYOND
I just hyped this awesome creator @O2IASAcademy
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UPSC AND BEYOND
Timeline of Major reforms movements
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UPSC AND BEYOND
🔆 Major Calendars Used in India & World
📍 Vikram Samvat
✅ Started in 57 BC (zero year: 57 BC)
✅ Attributed to King Vikramaditya of Ujjain (victory over Sakas)
✅ Lunar calendar – 354 days, 12 months
✅ Used across most of India (except Bengal)
✅ Two phases each month: Shuklapaksha & Krishnapaksha
📍 Saka Samvat
✅ Initiated by King Shalivahan
✅ Zero year: 78 AD
✅ Lunisolar calendar (solar year + lunar months)
✅ Official National Calendar of India (since 1957)
✅ Begins on 22 March (21 March in leap years)
✅ 365 days per year
📍 Hijri (Islamic) Calendar
✅ Zero year: 622 AD (Hijrat)
✅ Purely lunar calendar – 354 days
✅ Used in Islamic countries
✅ Months move across seasons (no solar adjustment)
✅ Sacred months: 1st, 7th, 11th & 12th
✅ Ramadan (9th month), Hajj in Dhu al-Hijjah
📍 Gregorian Calendar
✅ Solar calendar based on birth of Jesus Christ
✅ 365 days (+ leap year adjustment)
✅ Civil calendar used worldwide
✅ Leap year: 1 extra day in February every 4 years
📍 Zoroastrian (Parsi) Calendar
✅ Era begins 632 AD
✅ Parsis in India follow Shahenshahi Calendar
✅ Nowruz falls around 20–22 March (Vernal Equinox)
📍 National Calendar of India
✅ Based on Saka Samvat
✅ Adopted in 1957 by Calendar Reforms Committee
✅ Used in AIR news, Govt. documents & official calendars
✅ Introduced to harmonise multiple calendars in India
#prelims
#art_and_culture
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UPSC AND BEYOND
Earth’s Rotation Speeds Up (July 2025):
✍️ On 9 July 2025, scientists recorded that Earth completed its rotation faster than ever before, with the day being shorter by about 1.5 milliseconds.
✍️ This phenomenon is linked to complex factors, including glacial rebound, seismic activity, core-mantle interactions, and climate-driven mass redistribution.
✍️ A faster spin impacts global timekeeping, possibly forcing adjustments in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through the introduction of negative leap seconds.
✍️ Such shifts have implications for GPS navigation, satellites, and global communications systems that rely on ultra-precise time synchronisation.
✍️ Researchers stress that while variations in Earth’s rotation are not new, the acceleration trend could reshape future chronometry standards and challenge existing astronomical models.
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UPSC AND BEYOND
23 December 🗓
Kisan Diwas (National farmer's Day)
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National Mathematics Day is celebrated in India every year on 22 December to mark the birth anniversary of the great Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan and to promote awareness about the importance of mathematics in education and scientific progress.
#NationalMathematicsDay #Mathematics #SrinivasaRamanujan #MathEducation #MathAwareness #IndianMathematicians #MathInspiration #MathLovers #STEMEducation #MathHistory
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UPSC AND BEYOND
🔆 Regional Architecture in India (Medieval Period)
📍 Bengal
✅ Period: 1352–1576
✅ Blend of Turkish + local styles
✅ Extensive use of brick & mortar (abundant clay)
✅ Sloping, curvilinear roofs & single domes
✅ Terracotta ornamentation as hallmark
✅ Example: Adina Mosque
📍 Gujarat
✅ Fusion of Indo-Islamic & Maru-Gurjara styles
✅ Intricate stone carvings, decorative pillars
✅ Extensive use of jalis for light & ventilation
✅ Integration of stepwells & Jain temple aesthetics
✅ Examples: Jama Masjid, Sidi Saiyyed Mosque
📍 Malwa
✅ Massive structures on high plinths
✅ Use of sandstone
✅ Influence of Timurid architecture
✅ Glazed & coloured tiles
✅ Examples: Hoshang Shah’s Tomb, Jahaz Mahal, Hindola Mahal
📍 Deccan States
✅ Known for monumentality & innovative domes
✅ Strong Persian influence
✅ Flourishing military architecture
✅ Rich ornate carvings
✅ Examples: Gol Gumbaz, Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, Golconda Fort, Bijapur Fort, Ibrahim Rauza
#prelims
#art_and_culture
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UPSC AND BEYOND
🔆 Exercise Desert Cyclone–II
✅ What: India–UAE Joint Military Exercise
✅ Where: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
✅ Participants:
✅ Indian Army
✅ UAE Land Forces
✅ Aim:
✅ Enhance interoperability
✅ Strengthen bilateral defence cooperation
✅ Operational Focus:
✅ Sub-conventional operations under UN mandate
✅ Peacekeeping operations
✅ Counter-terrorism
✅ Stability & joint deployment scenarios
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