**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

**** "IS CURRENT INDONESIAN PRESIDENT PRABOWO SUBIANTO DJOJOHADIKUSUMO A SUHARTO 2.0.?" ****
**** “IS INDONESIA UNDER PRESIDENT SUHARTO’S FORMER SON-IN-LAW RETURNING TO MILITARY DICTATORSHIP?” ****
©2025.

**** “WHAT DO YOU PREFER MORE? DEMOCRACY OR AUTHORITARIANISM.” ****

* Are we sliding towards Authoritarianism? Towards a form of anti-Democratism, towards a Dictatorship.

* Let me know what your preference is and give your feedback on it.

**** "TODAY MOST SO-CALLED DEMOCRACIES WORLDWIDE ARE ILLUSIONS, IN MY OPINION." ****

**** "DEMOCRATISM, OR MORE SPECIFICALLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM OR REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRATISM, PROMOTED BY SUTAN SJAHRIR IN INDONESIA - AND THE NIHILISTS IN RUSSIA - SHOWN MORE RESEMBLANCE TO AUTHENTIC DEMOCRATISM, DEMOCRACY IN ITS ORIGINAL FORM.." ****

**** THE YEAR 1958 - A TOUGH PERIOD FOR THE NEW REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. ****
- www.youtube.com/playlist?list....

**** "AUDIOBOOK HISTORICAL NOVEL ABOUT A CORSICAN JACOBINE WOMAN." ****
- www.youtube.com/playlist?list....



😎
=============================================================================================

8 months ago (edited) | [YT] | 2

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

**** “WHAT DO YOU PREFER MORE? DEMOCRACY OR AUTHORITARIANISM.” ****

* Are we sliding towards Authoritarianism? Towards a form of anti-Democratism, towards a Dictatorship.

* Let me know what your preference is and give your feedback on it.

**** "TODAY MOST SO-CALLED DEMOCRACIES WORLDWIDE ARE ILLUSIONS, IN MY OPINION." ****

**** "DEMOCRATISM, OR MORE SPECIFICALLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM OR REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRATISM, PROMOTED BY SUTAN SJAHRIR IN INDONESIA - AND THE NIHILISTS IN RUSSIA - SHOWN MORE RESEMBLANCE TO AUTHENTIC DEMOCRATISM, DEMOCRACY IN ITS ORIGINAL FORM.." ****

**** THE YEAR 1958 - A TOUGH PERIOD FOR THE NEW REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. ****
- www.youtube.com/playlist?list....

**** "AUDIOBOOK HISTORICAL NOVEL ABOUT A CORSICAN JACOBINE WOMAN." ****
- www.youtube.com/playlist?list....

©2025.
😎
=============================================================================================

8 months ago (edited) | [YT] | 2

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

**** "DO YOU RECOGNIZE HER? DO YOU KNOW THE NAME OF THIS WORLD FAMOUS TELUGU-TAMIL ACTRESS?"" ****

* ABOUT THE ACTRESS. *
* SHE WAS BORN ON 28TH APRIL 1987 IN A TYPICALLY SOUTH INDIAN CHRISTIAN FAMILY, HER FATHER IS TELUGU AND HER MOTHER IS MALAYALI. SHE WAS BORN AND BROUGHT UP IN CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU, AS THE YOUNGEST CHILD OF THE FAMILY, WITH TWO ELDER BROTHERS, JONATH AND DAVID. SHE CAN SPEAK BOTH TAMIL AND TELUGU FLUENTLY.. AND SHE BECAME WORLD FAMOUS AS A TAMIL TELUGU ACTRESS., SHE WORKS PRIMARILY IN TELUGU AND TAMIL FILMS. SHE IS ALSO THE RECIPIENT OF SEVERAL ACCOLADES, INCLUDING FOUR 'FILMFARE AWARDS SOUTH'. *
============================================================================================
**** "Somehow it's a very strange experience, living in Europe your whole live as an Indo-Indian, with a Dutch nationality, with roots in the former Dutch East Indies. Most native Dutch people and foreigners, most foreign women in particular, see me as a European. My ethnicity, facial features and even my skin colour are NOT European, but Asian instead. Some people categorize me as someone from the Mediterranean, from Southern Europe or somewhere, but for those who don't know, my roots are in Indonesia." ****

* “MOST INDIANS HAVE DARKER SKIN, BUT THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE WHITE, HAVE SOUTHERN EUROPEAN OR MEDITERRANEAN FEATURES, AND ARE OF THE CAUCASIAN PHENOTYPE - NOT THE TYPICAL INDIAN APPEARANCE. WELL, THERE ARE A LOT OF THESE CAUCASIAN LOOKING INDIANS, NOT ONLY IN THE MOSTLY INDO-ARYAN NORTH, BUT ALSO IN THE DRAVIDIAN SOUTH OF INDIA. I’M SUCH AN INDIAN MYSELF (MORE SPECIFICALLY I AM INDO-INDIAN) AND THE TELUGU-TAMIL ACTRESS PICTURED HERE - ONE OF MY FAVORITES! - HAS THE SAME PHENOTYPE AS ME.” *

©2024.
😎
=============================================================================================

Skip the Carousel

1 2

1 year ago (edited) | [YT] | 6

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

**** "THIS VIDEO IS COMING OUT VERY SOON......" ****

**** "THE ERA OF 'ENLIGHTENMENT', A SHORT HISTORY OF WELF D'ESTE & JACOBITISM IN TSARIST RUSSIA, 18TH CENTURY" ****

* 18TH CENTURY: THE RISE OF ANARCHISM, BASED ON THE IDEAS OF 'CLASSICAL LIBERALISM', THE 'ENLIGHTENMENT' AND 'ROMANTIC' ANTI-CAPITALISM. WHAT (NON-STUART) JACOBITISM AND NIHILISM (ANARCHISM) SHARE IN COMMON IS 'LEGITIMACY' OR 'LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY'. AND BOTH JACOBITISM & ANARCHISM STRIVED FOR THE ABOLITION OF FEUDALISM AND FEUDAL SOCIETY AS A WHOLE.

* Noam Chomsky’s definition about Anarchism: “That any form of authority and domination has a burden of proof to bear, it has to demonstrate that it’s legitimate. Don’t matter what it is, whether it’s inside a family or the global economy. If it is a form of authority and domination and coercion, it has to show that it’s legitimate. If it can demonstrate it’s legitimate … and it’s a heavy burden to bear. If it shows that it’s legitimate, OK, if not, it ought to be dismantle. That’s Anarchism.”

* SOME SIMILARITIES:
- (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM = 'ROMANTIC' ANTI-CAPITALISM.
- (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM = ANTI-FEUDALISM.
- (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM = ‘LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY’.
- (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM = FEDERALISM.
- (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM = ANTI-PARLIAMENTARY.
- (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM = ‘DIRECT DEMOCRACY’.
- (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM = ANTI-COLONIALISM.

- ANARCHISM (NIHILISM) = 'ROMANTIC' ANTI-CAPITALISM.
- ANARCHISM (NIHILISM) = ANTI-FEUDALISM.
- ANARCHISM (NIHILISM) = ‘LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY’.
- ANARCHISM (NIHILISM) = FEDERALISM.
- ANARCHISM (NIHILISM) = ANTI-PARLIAMENTARY.
- ANARCHISM (NIHILISM) = ‘DIRECT DEMOCRACY’.
- ANARCHISM (NIHILISM) = ANTI-COLONIALISM.

**** “My interest in this topic is related to the fact that there is an indirect connection between my distant relatives in the 'Far East', JACOBITISM and the House of Welf-d'Este, more specifically the Italian branch, the House of Fulco d' Este. With this short documentary I want to describe d'Este's presence in Russian history.” ****

* Романовы. Фильм Четвертый. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2PAp....
- Star Media.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
**** "HISTORY OF FULCO D'ESTE & JACOBITISM." ****
* www.youtube.com/playlist?list....

* "NIHILISM & DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM: Ins & Outs About Revolutionairy Democratism & Utopian Socialism."
- www.youtube.com/playlist?list....

* 18TH CENTURY TSARIST RUSSIA. *
**** THE SHORT REIGN AND TRAGIC LIFE OF IVAN VI, THE FIRST (AND PROBABLY ONLY) JACOBITE TSAR & PRETENDER OF RUSSIA - DEPOSED, IMPRISONED & MURDERED. ****
* It was Napoleon I Bonaparte who brought Democratic Socialism to Tsarist Russia in the early 19th century, but Enlightenment ideas and Utopian Socialism flourished there from the mid-18th century, especially under the first (and perhaps only) Jacobite pretender and child tsar Ivan VI, better known as Iván or Ioánn Antónovich. This Ivan VI is considered the only tsar of Russia that the Welphic royal house of d'Este ever produced. He was only two months old when he was proclaimed Emperor of Russia in 1740, his mother Anna Leopoldovna acted as regent for her minor son. Ivan VI was the only Jacobite Tsar of Russia to rule for only a few months.
- The followers of Ivan VI were regarded as reactionary Jacobites, who adhered to the same political ideology as their revolutionary counterparts, the Jacobines, who, with Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte, revived the ideology in Tsarist Russia.

* 19TH CENTURY TSARIST RUSSIA. *
**** INS AND OUTS ABOUT REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRATISM AND UTOPIAN SOCIALISM; WHY THE NIHILISTS IN RUSSIA ADOPTED THE POLITICAL IDEOLOGY THAT THE FRENCH EMPEROR NAPOLEON I BONAPARTE INTRODUCED TO THEIR COUNTRY. ****

©2023..
😎
=============================================================================================

1 year ago (edited) | [YT] | 7

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

**** RELIGIOUS ANARCHISM. ****
* Can an Anarchist be religious?
* My answer to that is: “Yes, and as a Nihilist I’m a religious Anarchist myself.”

* “As a Nihilist I’m not against religions, I am against the religious hierarchy in all religions, the strict Conservative dogma and the intimate relationship between Church and State - especially 'organized religion' in which there is little or no space for mystical heterodoxy or religious syncretism . We, NIHILISTS, emerged from the 'Old Believers' or 'Old Ritualists' in both Tsarist Russia and the Dutch East Indies, and under the guise of the Reformation by both Liberalism and Conservatism - the political establishment - and the State Church 'branded' as heretics or schismatics.

* WIKIPEDIA: “Religious scholars such as the American university professor and theologian Thomas Jonathan Jackson Altizer (1927 –2018) have stated that Nihilism must necessarily be understood in relation to religion, and that the study of core elements of its character requires fundamentally theological consideration.”

* WIKIPEDIA: “Religious Anarchists view ‘organized religion’ mostly as authoritarian and hierarchical that has strayed from its humble origins”, as the Scottish historian and academic Peter Marshall explains, known for his familiair work on the Reformation and its impact on the British Isles and Europe.

* WIKIPEDIA: “The original message of the great religious teachers to live a simple life, to share the wealth of the earth, to treat each other with love and respect, to tolerate others and to live in peace invariably gets lost as worldly institutions take over. Religious leaders, like their political counterparts, accrue power to themselves, draw up dogmas, and wage war on dissenters in their own ranks and the followers of other religions. They seek protection from temporal rulers, bestowing on them in return a supernatural legitimacy and magical aura. They weave webs of mystery and mystification around naked power; they join the sword with the cross and the crescent. As a result, in nearly all cases ‘organised religions’ have lost the peaceful and tolerant message of their Founding Fathers, whether it be Buddha, Jesus or the prophet Mohammed."

* NON-MAINSTREAM CULTURES.
* In daily life, I'm mainly confronted with regular (sub)cultures or groups in public space, both Dutch and foreign. As an Individual belonging to a non-mainstream (sub)culture, I 'm an 'outsider'.

* "HOW A SOCIAL MAN BECOMES ASOCIAL THROUGH HIS ENVIRONMENT."
* "Why I'm an 'outsider' ... It has to do with 'adjusting' to me as an Individual. It is very striking that the environment has never wanted to 'adapt' to me. I'm going to make a vlog soon in which i'll handle this. IT IS A HUGE 'PROBLEM' IN MODERN DAY SOCIETY. TWISTED, SICK AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS AN INDIVIDUAL - 'OSTRACISM' - and go make a playlist about it too. Under the title: 'How a social man becomes asocial through his environment'.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
**** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. ****
* Opinions that I read on the Internet regarding how Nihilism relates to culture, philosophy of life and 'socializing', social interaction with others.

- QUESTION: “What is the opposite of Nihilism?”
- ANSWER: “Anti-Nihilism is for you the opposite of Nihilism. It's all about caring for life and connecting with each other.”
======================================================================================

2 years ago (edited) | [YT] | 6

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

**** CULTURAL ANARCHISM. ****
* "The red and black is politically-ideologically a symbol of certain movements, although it is generally used by Anarchists (including Nihilists), Communists, Socialists and other Far-Left people. The black represents Anarchism and the red represents Far Left and Socialist ideals. In my opinion, if you really want to make a statement in public, you can only wear the red-black colours if you know the 'true' meaning, politically-ideologically (or religiously!), and in some way have Anarchist roots. This is often in combination with a (sub)cultural identity, belonging to an alternative culture that exists outside or on the edge of the mainstream, popular and predominant culture(s) in society. Compare it with the more politically charged term 'countercultures'."

* "NIHILISM AS A COUNTERCULTURE."
* "Countercultures are cultures whose values and norms of behaviour differ substantially from those of regular society, sometimes in direct opposition to mainstream cultural mores. Countercultural movements such as Nihilism, especially from the 19th century, express the ethos and aspirations of a specific group at the time. The problem with Nihilism as a form of Anarchism was that it always remained a very small oppositional force, coming out of the social class of the petty bourgeoisie, that kept its distance from the other critical social group, the landed gentry, and that there was a deep social divide between them (the NIHILISTS) and the 'ordinary' people, the peasants - on whom they focused socially and politically - and the emerging working-class proletariat. As a result, Nihilism as a counterculture couldn’t bring about dramatic cultural or social changes in Russian or Dutch East Indies society, which ultimately – unfortunately! – worked to the advantage of the rapidly emerging Marxism and Social Democracy, both of which focused on the new working class. Today, we, NIHILISTS, are still a separate group or subculture within Anarchism."

- www.youtube.com/playlist?list....
- www.youtube.com/shorts/bS7WyW....
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
**** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. **** TRUE OR FALSE. ****
* Opinions that I read on the Internet regarding how Nihilism relates to culture, philosophy of life and 'socializing', social interaction with others.

* “In the Nihilist, an anti-cultural, natural egoism manifests itself, behind his/her rebellion lies the desire to identify with his/her 'lower' nature against a higher meaning of life, while simultaneously repressing a cultural conscience.”
======================================================================================

2 years ago (edited) | [YT] | 6

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

**** 'MY DEAR COMRADES ,,, ,,, ,,, " ****
* " FELLOW NIHILISTS & OTHER ANARCHISTS, DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISTS & OTHER RADICAL SOCIALISTS, COMMUNISTS, SYNDICALISTS AND MANY OTHER COMRADES !"

* "LET'S PUT ASIDE ALL OUR DIFFERENCES AND FOCUS ON WHAT CONNECTS US ALL."

* " LET'S JOINTLY MAKE A FIST AGAINST CONSERVATISM & (NEO-)LIBERALISM & DESTROY CAPITALISM AS AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM."

* ILLUSTRATION SYMBOLISM BELOW:
- LEFT: STAR ANARCHO-DEMOCRATISM; MIDDLE: ME & 'OLD ORDER' VERSUS 'NEW ORDER'; RIGHT: 'NEW ORDER' & NIHILISM.
======================================================================================

2 years ago (edited) | [YT] | 5

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

* (NON-) STUART JACOBITISM.

**** "SECRET ALLIANCE." ****
**** “In My Early Childhood I Went On Holiday in Italy And Spent A Few Weeks In A Holiday Home Near Lake Garda, In Northern Italy, Near The Dolomites. As A Small Child You Don't Think About It, But Looking Back It Was Not Only Water,, Beautiful Weather And Breathtaking Surroundings That Attracted Me - In The Company Of Other Family Members. This Area Belonged To The House Of d'Este Or 'Casa d'Este' For Centuries." ****

**** * “BELOW IS AN INTRODUCTION PAGE TO MY ITEM ON NON-STUART JACOBITISM, A SHORT PREVIEW, ABOUT THE ORIGINS OF THIS POLITICAL IDEOLOGY, WHICH GO BACK CENTURIES. THE CRADLE OF JACOBITISM IS NOT IN ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND IRELAND, BUT IN NORTHERN ITALY, WHERE IT WAS ORIGINALLY SPREADED BY THE HOUSE OF OBERTENGHI, A PROMINENT ITALIAN NOBLE FAMILY OF FRANKISH ORIGIN WHOSE MENBERS WERE THE ANCESTORS OF THE HOUSE OF D'ESTE (OR FULCO D'ESTE), WHICH WE ARE GOING TO DISCUSS. THE REASON I'M TELLING THIS IS THAT THIS IS THE ORIGIN OF JACOBITISM. HOWEVER, THE IDEOLOGY IN ITS POST-MEDIEVAL FORM AND THE NAME, DERIVED FROM "KING JACOBUS REX", WERE ASSOCIATED AS "JACOBITISM" IN GREAT BRITAIN ONLY SOME CENTURIES LATER. IT WAS HERE THAT IN THE 17TH-18TH CENTURIES IT CAME TO FULL FLOURISHING AS A ROYAL IDEOLOGY AND HAS TAKEN A ROLE IN EUROPEAN POLICY AND WORLD HISTORY FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES." ****

* In one of my next videos I'm going to discuss the following:

**** “ERA OF ‘RISORGIMENTO’, ITALY, 19TH CENTURY.” ****
* HOUSE OF SAVOY-PIEDMONT/SAVOY-CARIGNANO, ALLIED WITH LIBERALISM & LIBERAL-CONSERVATISM CONTRA HOUSE OF SAVOY-PIEDMONT/ SAVOY D’ESTE, ALLIED WITH PROGRESSIVE SOCIALISM & ANARCHISM.

* UNITED KINGDOM OF ITALY VERSUS (NON-)STUART JACOBITISM. *
* BEFORE THE REUNIFICATION OF ITALY.

* 'RISORGIMENTO.'
* The 'Risorgimento', the national awakening and the pursuit of the Italian unitary state, resulted in the foundation of the new United Kingdom of Italy in 1861, with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king. A scion of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy-Piedmont, called Savoy-Carignano, which was at odds with the older family branch, the royal house that produced the kings of Sardinia-Piedmont, who also ruled the Duchy of Genoa and other Savoyard ‘Confederate States’ and closely related by marriage to the House of Savoy-d'Este, which in turn formed a cadet branch of the House of Fulco d'Este. The House of Savoy-Carignano, which descended from its fouder Thomas Francis of Savoy, Prince of Carignano (1596–1656), an Italian military commander who was the fifth son of Charles Emmanuel I ‘The Great’, Duke of Savoy, had as its objective the realization of a reunification of the entire Italian Peninsula with the islands of Sardinia and Sicily under the new Savoyard flag. To achieve this, relations with the House of Savoy-d'Este had to be severed and Jacobitism as a political ideology and doctrine had to be defeated militarily.The dynasty of Savoy-Carignano sought rapprochement with the same Liberals, who in 1821, through a social revolution, had forced Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia-Piedmont - the father of the later Jacobite Pretender Maria Beatrice Vittoria Giuseppina of Savoy=d’Este - to abdicate. This Savoy-Carignano family thus turned against the 'Royal Reds' of the House of Savoy-Piedmont, allied to the Savoy-d'Este cadet branch, who were both Jacobite and anti- Liberal. In response to the approach of the House of Savoy-Carignano with the Liberals, the Savoy-Piedmont and the d'Estes sought rapprochement with the political opponents of the Liberals at that time, the Socialists and Anarchists of the far left.

**** THE ERA OF EUROPEAN ‘RESTAURATION’ & THE ‘CONCERT OF EUROPE’ (ITALY: 1815-1861). ****
* FROM 1814-1815 - CONGRESS OF VIENNA.

- HOUSE OF SAVOY-PIEDMONT/SAVOY-D’ESTE: JACOBITISM (ULTRA-ROYALISM).
- ANARCHISM/ANARCHO-DEMOCRATISM (‘BAKUNINISM’).
- UTOPIAN SOCIALISM/NON-MARXIST SOCIALISM.

VERSUS

- HOUSE OF SAVOY-PIEDMONT/ SAVOY-CARIGNANO: LIBERAL-CONSERVATISM (RULING ESTABLISHMENT IN MOST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES).
- ULTRA-NATIONALISM (‘RISORGIMENTO’).
- LIBERALISM (POLITICAL/ECONOMICALLY).

©2023.
😎
======================================================================================

2 years ago (edited) | [YT] | 8

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

* (NON-) STUART JACOBITISM.

**** "SECRET ALLIANCE." ****
**** “In My Early Childhood I Went On Holiday in Italy And Spent A Few Weeks In A Holiday Home Near Lake Garda, In Northern Italy, Near The Dolomites. As A Small Child You Don't Think About It, But Looking Back It Was Not Only Water,, Beautiful Weather And Breathtaking Surroundings That Attracted Me - In The Company Of Other Family Members. This Area Belonged To The House Of d'Este Or 'Casa d'Este' For Centuries." ****

* In one of my next videos I'm going to discuss the following:

* 'SOCIALIST UTOPIA (2).'
**** “This makes me very happy! I’m proud to have a connection with the JACOBITE royal houses of Savoy-Piedmont 8 Savoy-d'Este, who were among the political-ideological founders of the late 18th and early 19th century DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM, a Utopian Socialism, connected with (Revolutionary) Democratism, the forerunner of later 19th century Anarchism. Perhaps one of the first forms of far-left Socialism and Anarchism, which has its roots in the 18th century, the Era of the 'Enlightenment'." ****

* PROGRESSIVE REFORMS.
* Perfect examples of 'Enlightened Absolute Monarchs, who carried out countless administrative, social and miliary reforms, by modernizing their States through thorough defeudalization, were Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio (1780-1796) and later of Breisgau (Germany ) and both Savoyard kings Charles Emmanuel III (1730–1773) & Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia-Piedmont (1773–1796). Finally, closing the row of 'Enlightened' Absolute Monarchs with the French emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte, as First Consul of the First French Republic (1799–1804) and as Emperor of The First French Empire (1804–1814). Some 'Enlightened' Absolute Despots like the latter stood at the cradle of DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM, among others.

* 'DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM.'
* By the way, this Democratic Socialism discussed here does NOT concern the political ideology that still exists today and (coincidentally!) bears the same name. And it should NOT be confused with Social Democracy, which it has NOTHING to do with. It’s diametrically opposed! Just like 19th century Anarchism, for instance. Or (Revolutionary) Democatism as it was called at the time, the name 'Anarchism' dates from the mid-18th century, but soon fell out of use because of negative, condescending tendencies. The word 'Anarchism', especially in Liberal circles, was associated with and equated with 'Nihilism', which was seen as an 'evil product' traceable to the progressive ideas of the 'Enlightenment', which went much further than just (half-hearted!) Liberalism. In Liberal and Liberal-Conservative Europe there has always been a very one-sided, negative appreciation for these political ideologies, but in 19th century Tsarist Russia and the Dutch East Indies both found a positive response among Revolutionary Democrats and Utopian Socialists in the opposition. The same progressive ideas of the 'Enlightenment' had already entered the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont from the mid-18th century, ruled by an 'Enlightened Despotism'.

* "This will be covered in one of my next videos."

©2023.
😎
======================================================================================

2 years ago (edited) | [YT] | 5

**** [INDIA - INDONESIA] **** Christiaan Jacobsen

* (NON-) STUART JACOBITISM.

**** "SECRET ALLIANCE." ****
**** “In My Early Childhood I Went On Holiday in Italy And Spent A Few Weeks In A Holiday Home Near Lake Garda, In Northern Italy, Near The Dolomites. As A Small Child You Don't Think About It, But Looking Back It Was Not Only Water,, Beautiful Weather And Breathtaking Surroundings That Attracted Me - In The Company Of Other Family Members. This Area Belonged To The House Of d'Este Or 'Casa d'Este' For Centuries." ****

* In one of my next videos I'm going to discuss the following:

* 'SOCIALIST UTOPIA (1).'
* By curtailing and breaking the position of power of the old feudal landed gentry and the Dukes ('Old Order') on the one hand and fighting the Liberal revolutionaries, the 'Carbonari' (of the ‘New Order’) on the other hand, a power vacuum was created in between by the Absolute Monarchy with the support of the petty bourgeoisie and small peasants, in which the island of Sardinia was transformed into a Socialist utopian state under the leadership of the Viceroy Charles Felix of Savoy-Piedmont. Sardinia was a perfect example for the creation of a Utopia, based on the ideas of Democratic Socialism. Charles Felix''s' or Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria's reign as Viceroy of the island lasted from 1799-1814, a period of internal peace, stability and great social and economic prosperity, through national and international trade relations, including with the United States of America (U.S.A.) and Jacobine France.

* "This will be covered in one of my next videos."

©2023.
😎
======================================================================================

2 years ago (edited) | [YT] | 7